APUSH UNIT 2 TEST: 1820-1850

Key PeopleHenry Clay

Speaker of the House of Representatives, presidential candidate in 1824; hates Andrew Jackson

Key PeopleJohn Quincy Adams

Former Secretary of State, very good one; President of the United States, bad one; brings Democrats into his office, and they take over his presidency, Whig

Key PeopleAndrew Jackson

A president, an orphan, not a scholar, from Carolinas; owned many slaves, wealthy; a Mason

Key PeopleJoseph Smith

Started the Mormons

Key PeopleWashington Irving

Wrote The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, key figure in American arts and literature

Key PeopleHerman Melville

Wrote Moby Dick

Key PeopleEdgar Allen Poe

Wrote many stories that Europeans loved, especially horror

Key PeopleRalph Waldo Emerson

leading founder of Transcendentalism

Key People Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist, wrote On Civil Disobedience: refused to pay taxes if immoral (next generation’s idea of nullification/Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions), inspired peaceful protests of Martin Luther King and Ghandi

Key People John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s Vice President from South Carolina; increased tension during the Tariff of Abominations

he thought states could nullify federal laws that they saw as uncousntituional, jackson wanted loyalty

Key PeopleMartin Van Buren

Bad president of the United States

universal white male suffrage, more votes from the common man

organized parties (2nd party system 1824-1854) with democracts vs whigs

platforms for what wach party believesm campaigning

Key PeopleSam Houston

Commander-in-chief of the Texas army

Key PeopleSanta Anna

Mexican president during Lone Star Rebellion

Key PeopleCharles Finney

Preacher, emphasis on moral reform of society

during the second great awakening

was in the burned over district

social reformers

• Social reformers used government and law to make change

• Used word of mouth (speeches, tours) and written word (books, pamphlets, newspapers) to spread their ideas

  • Secondarily: lobbying groups, societies, etc.

• All northern people: Southern states did not see value in funding reform (more traditional)

• Who they were

  • Protestantism, Quaker, religious influence

  • Middle class

  • Many women

• Vast majority of Amerians were not reformers

  • Some people would simply go to their tours to see violence

  • Many pro-slavery advocates, traditionalists

Key People - Social ReformersNeal Dow

main: Prohibitionist

Key People - Social ReformersTheodore Dwight Weld

main: Abolitionist, second: Womens rights

Key People - Social Reformerssylvester graham

main: meal reform/better nutrition for all

Key People - Social Reformerselizabeth blackwell

main: female doctors, second: Abolitionist, Quaker

Key People - Social Reformerslucy stone

main: Womens rights, second: Abolitionist

Key People - Social ReformersMary Lyon

main: Education reform

Key People - Social Reformershorace mann

main: Education reform, second: jeffersonian values

Key People - Social Reformersdavid walker

main: Black abolitionist

Key People - Social Reformerssarah grimke

main: Abolitionist,Womens rights, second: Quaker

Key People - Social Reformersrobert owen

main: Labor reform and workers rights, second: Education reform

Key People - Social ReformersAmelia Bloomer

main: Womens rights, second: Prohibitionist

Key People - Social ReformersHarriet Beecher Stowe

main: Abolitionist, second: Womens rights

Key People - Social Reformerssojourner truth

main: Abolitionist ,Womens rights

Key People - Social Reformersdavid ruggles

main: Black abolitionist

Key People - Social Reformersfrederick douglass

main: Black abolitionist

Key People - Social Reformerswilliam lloyd garrison

main : Abolisitionsist

Key People - Social Reformerselizabeth cady stanton

main: Womens rights, second: Education reform ,Abolitionist

Key People - Social Reformerslucretia mott

main: Abolitionist, Womens rights

Key People - Social ReformersJohn Humphrey Noyes

main: utopian society, second: Abolitionist

founded oneida

Key People - Social Reformersseth luther

main: Education reform, Labor reform and workers rights

Key People - Social Reformersdorothea dix

main: mental health insistuion reform, second: agaisnt Womens rights

Key Groupsmormons

Among the most successful religious groups started in America, believed in polygamy, voted as one unit

Key Groupsutah mormons

After Joseph Smith died, Brigham Young carried on the Mormons, moved them to Utah; prosperous, Europeans moved in, U.S. attack, polygamy removed

Key Groupsdemocrats

Andrew Jackson’s political party

Key Groups“Nullies”

People in South Carolina who supported its nullification of the Tariff of Abominations

Key GroupsWhigs

Opposition to the Democrats; hate Jackson’s presidency; origins from Senate and Henry Clay; liked Henry Clay’s American System; wanted internal improvements: railroads, canals, public schools, etc.; claimed to defend common man; absorbed Anti-Masons

Key GroupsDemocratic - Republicans

Andrew Jackson’s supporters; thought Adams was a corrupt aristocrat; criticized Adams’ large federal salary

Key GroupsFive civilized tribes

The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole; “civilized” = white people-like: had animal husbandry, slavery, Christianity, a Constitution

Key GroupsNational Republicans

John Quincy Adams’ supporters

Key GroupsAnti-Masonic Party

do not like secret societies, mostly Evangelical Protestants

Key GroupsBrook Farm

utopian community

Key GroupsOneida Community

Utopian community, New York, 1848, free love, eugenics, made good steel items, started by John Humphrey Noyes, Chrisitan

Key GroupsShakers

Oldest utopian community, no marriage or sex, extinct by 1940

Key TermsSecond Great Awakening (1790s-1830s)

Shifting from revolutionary ideals and government back to religious roots. Emphasis on individualism: personal relationship with God, no need for a religious education.

• spread christinaity, ministers dont go west so many just become ministers

• individualism but unlike 1st GA, now premillennialism means Jesus coming back to Earth once world is prefected with sin but win union, this means… no slavery, no alchol, women seen as more moral→argue that they should be on fronts lines of reform with influence (voting rights)

• methodist and baptist come

• value of taking care of all people

after…

• industry with practical science and making life easier

Key TermsBurned-Over District

New York district of religious radicals: no sex, no children, adults must choose to join the religious group (Shakers)

Key TermsAmerican System

Developed by Henry Clay, a plan for a profitable U.S. economy: national bank, protective tariffs, roads and canals

Key TermsPolygamy

Social norm for men to have as many wives as possible. More wives = more children = more worshippers = go to heaven. Most Americans, including the government, hated this and the government forbade it.

Key TermsMcCulloch v. Maryland

federal law trumps state law

• The Tax: The state of Maryland opposed the national bank and passed a law to tax any bank operating in the state that was not chartered by Maryland.

• The Refusal: James W. McCulloch, the head cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank, refused to pay the state tax.

• The Lawsuit: Maryland sued McCulloch in state court, and the state won. McCulloch appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court

• ruled in favor of mcculloch saying state laws cannot override or interfere with valid federal laws.

• 
  

Key Termscult of domesticity

Belief that women are pious, pure, submissive, domestic, and ideal in these ways

Key TermsRepublican Motherhood

Belief that women raise children the best

Key TermsRole of women

• Ran the entire household, the foundation of American life

• Religious, moral, artful, have children, and are more emotionally connected

• Teach the children

  • Books, especially the Bible and Shakespeare, for teaching right vs. wrong and how to read and write

  • Men go to higher education and lead the country; leaders without morals is bad; women are responsible for passing on these good morals to the next generation

    • Modern day may lack morality

  • Republicanism: teaching virtues

Key TermsTranscendentalism

Unique to the U.S.; belief in a higher place of existence and being in touch with nature; individualism, self-reliance, self-improvement

Key TermsHudson River Valley School

Landscape paintings, such as Niagara Falls

Key Terms2nd Party System (1824-1854)

The party system of only the Democratic-Republicans; 1st Party System was the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, but the Federalists fell apart in 1817, only one party left.

pitted the Democratic Party against the Whig Party

Andrew Jackson’s Faction (Democratic Party): Led by Jackson, Van Buren, and Calhoun, this group emphasized states' rights, agrarian interests, and local concerns. They initially retained the Democratic-Republican label before evolving into the modern Democratic Party

John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay’s Faction (National Republican Party): Led by JQA and Clay, this group favored a stronger central government, infrastructure development, and industrialization. They became known as the National Republicans and later merged into the Whig Party in the 1830s

Key TermsSectionalsim

People vote for their presidential candidate that is from their region

Key TermsFavorite Son

Exemplary individual who everyone in that region adores, but no one outside that region knows

Key TermsCorrupt Bargain

During the Election of 1824

1. 4 Democratic-Republican candidates

   1. Andrew Jackson

   2. John Quincy Adams

   3. Henry Clay

   4. William Crawford

   5. James Monroe

2. Jackson wins the popular vote and the Electoral College vote, but DOES NOT have the required number of votes to win (108), John Quincy Adams is second place

3. Vote goes to the House of Representatives

   1. Recall: Henry Clay is the Speaker of the House, but also a candidate in this election, and he is biased (hates Andrew Jackson)

4. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams make deal under the table (this is the corrupt bargain)

   1. Clay’s voters get added to John Quincy Adams’ campaign

   2. Clay becomes Secretary of State under soon-to-be President John Quincy Adams

5. John Quincy Adams becomes President

6. Andrew Jackson calls this deal the corrupt bargain, forms his own Democratic Party

Key TermsBUS

Created in 1816 after the War of 1812 to rebuild economy after war; controlled the U.S.’s money; supported aristocracy, not farmers; U.S. Bank was the only stable currency

Key TermsPet banks

State banks that opened after the Bank of the United States’ charter was not renewed; very unstable

Key TermsSpoils System

Rewarded supporters with public office; goal was to bring new people into government; it was a failure: bad people were given public trust, people motivated by power, people stole lots of money

Key TermsSpecie Circular

President Andrew Jackson says public lands have to be bought with gold or silver

aimed to restore sound money and protect the economy, though it ultimately contributed to the Panic of 1837

Key TermsTrail of Tears (1830-1850)

Forced displacement of the Five Civilized Tribes, resulting from the Indian Removal Act

Key TermsMonroe Doctrine (1823)

Stated that further European efforts to colonize or interfere with the Western hemisphere will be treated as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention

context: most Americans are…

• …Protestant; attending church is popular for Americans (1850)

• …still farmers; large middle class

• …practical while Europe is more experimental

context: Most people are still

Most people are still normal people with traditional beliefs; almost no one is a “reformer”

context: 1790s-1830s

• America is a frontier society

  • They are expanding out west, taking Native land, but there is no system to do so

  • Trying lots of new things, cutting edge, fluid

    • Unlike Europe with set class system

• Second Great Awakening

some important context

• Women ran the home

• No education system until 1825-1850 when Northeast would reform

• America has less art and culture than Europe; Europeans were reluctant to accept and like American culture and art

• New political parties, proper campaigning

• 1840s - Americans becoming more interested in practical science

Key Events1817

Federalists fall apart

• Effects

  • Only one party left: the Democratic-Republicans

  • Leads to the 2nd Party System

Key Events1824

Start of the 2nd Party System

• Effects

  • State north of Pennsylvania: some abolished slavery outright, others gradually emancipated slaves

Election of 1824

• Context

  • 2nd Party System: there is only the Democratic-Republicans

• Event

  • Sectionalism and Favorite Sons

    • Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania (no slaves) - John Quincy Adams voters found here

    • South: Delaware, Virginia, Alabama, etc. (slave states) - Andrew Jackson voters found here

    • West: Kentucky, Tennessee, etc. (want to make communication networks) - Andrew Jackson voters found here

  • The Corrupt Bargain

• Effects

  • Democratic Party created by Andrew Jackson

  • John Quincy Adams becomes president

Key Events1828

Election of 1828

• Context

  • Democratic Party has taken over Adams’ presidency

  • Jackson spread all kinds of lies about Adams

• Event

  • Same sectionalism as in the Election of 1824

• Effects

  • Andrew Jackson becomes president

Tariff of Abominations/Tariff of 1828

• Context

  • New England states

    • Most did not support them because they restricted trade freedoms, however some supported them

    • Was having a manufacturing boom

  • Middle states

    • Supported tariffs

  • Southern states

    • Did not support tariffs

    • Exported a lot of materials, lacked solid industry of their own, relied on imported goods

  • Western states

    • Was having a population and property value boom

  • Southwestern states

    • Cotton

  • Old South

    • Suffering

    • Tariff was blamed for their problems

    • Abolition threatened their economy and was a growing issue

• Event

  • Tariff on imported goods, then implemented during Jackson’s presidency

  • Wanted to protect northern and U.S. goods

  • Other countries added tariffs in retaliation for America’s tariff, ruined the southern states’ export economy

  • Southern states got very mad

• Effects

  • Increased tensions between north and south

  • South Carolina Exposition

The South Carolina Exposition

• Event

  • Called the tariff unjust and unconstitutional

  • Called for nullification, unsuccessful until Tariff of 1832

Key Events1830

Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act

• Context

  • 1790s government used formal treaties in order to get Native land

  • Americans respected Natives holding accountable for holding treaty lines

    • Belief that Natives could be assimilated, Christianized

    • Supreme Court upheld Natives 3 times

      • Andrew Jackson did not like this, ignored judicial legislation → Indian Removal Act

• Event

  • Uprooted 100,000 Natives east of Mississippi

  • Focus on the Five Civilized Tribes

• Effects

  • Black Hawk War

  • Seminole War

  • Trail of Tears

Key Events1832

Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Bank of the United States’ charter

• Event

  • First time a president used the veto power

  • Why?

    • Jackson just felt like it

    • Disliked monopolistic banking

    • He disagreed with the Supreme Court, who ruled the Bank constitutional

  • Made state pet banks instead

• Effects

  • Panic of 1837

Tariff of 1832

• enacted to lower high tax rates and ease the intense Southern opposition caused by the 1828 "Tariff of Abominations"

• Effects

  • South Carolina…still thinks it harms their economy but helps the north

    • …Nullified the tariff

    • …Threatened to secede from the union if the government uses military force in South Carolina

      • Jackson prepares an army, issues a proclamation, and signs the Force Bill - use military power to collect duties

      • Increasing tensions (think civil war)

      • Henry Clay makes a compromise - compromise tariff of 1833 which promised a gradual reduction of rates over the following decade

Black Hawk War

• Causes

  • Indian Removal Act

  • Natives were suspicious of American whites

    • Resisted eviction from land

• Event

  • American troops and volunteers murdered Natives 

    • Captain Abraham Lincoln was among these people

• Effects

  • Natives relocated to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

Election of 1832

• Event

  • New party: Anti-Masonic Party

    • Jackson was a Mason

  • Jackson won against wealthier Henry Clay

  • Clay pushed the Second Bank of the United States to apply for an early recharter four years ahead of schedule. He calculated that if Jackson signed it, the bank was saved; if Jackson vetoed it, Jackson would lose the support of wealthy northeastern voters and lose the election.

  • Jackson vetoed and this was successful

Key Events1833

Compromise Tariff of 1833

• Causes

  • South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariff of 1832

Force Bill

• Event

  • President could use military to enforce tariffs

• Effects

  • South Carolina nullified Force Bill

Jackson removes federal deposits effectively shutting the Bank of the U.S. down

• Effects

  • His advisors dislike this

  • Financial vacuum without the Bank

    • Puts surplus federal funds in pet banks

  • Specie Circular created

  • Panic of 1837

Key Events1835

Seminole War

• Causes

  • Indian Removal Act

• Effects

  • More Natives relocated to Oklahoma

  • Cherokee built the first schools west of the Mississippi

Key Events1836

Election of 1836

• Event

  • Candidates

    • Martin Van Buren 

      • Jackson’s pick; he dealt under the table

    • General William Henry Harrison

      • A Whig, General during the Battle of Tippecanoe

  • Van Buren wins

    • Whigs were disorganized and failed to unite under one candidate

• Effects

  • Van Buren’s presidency ruined

    • Democrats dislike how Jackson dealt under the table

    • Inherited Jackson’s enemies and presidential problems

      • The Panic of 1837

Lone Star Rebellion

• Event

  • Texas declared its independence

  •  Americans won Battle of San Jacinto

    • Outnumbered, still victorious

  • Sam Houston forced Santa Anna to sign treaty

    • Rio Grande was the southwestern border of Texas, now independent

• Effects

  • Texas to become a state

    • North did not want this because Texas would be another slave state

Key Events1837

Panic of 1837

• Causes

  • Jackson’s veto of the renewal of the Bank of the U.S.’s charter

  • Overspeculation

• Event

  • People start taking out loans, banks start closing because the pet banks are unstable

  • British investors pull out of American economy → Panic of 1837

• Effects

  • Democrats and Whigs turned on each other

  • Domestic trade fell

  • Cotton’s price doubled

  • Banks are unstable until the 1930s

  • Van Buren’s presidency ruined

Key Events1840

Election of 1840

• Event

  • Candidates

    • Van Buren, a Democrat; unwillingly renominated

    • William Henry Harrison, a Whig

      • Had a strong, organized campaign

      • Won by a close popular margin

• Effects

  • Established a stable two-party system: Whigs vs. Democrats

    • Democrats were a little bit similar to modern Republicans

    • Whigs are very similar to modern Democrats

      • Internal improvements

      • Public schools

      • Prohibition

      • Abolition

Key Events1848

Seneca Falls Convention

• Effects

  • Started the women’s rights movement

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Key Documents McCulloch v. Maryland

States could not tax the federal government

Key Documents The South Carolina Exposition

South Carolina wanted to nullify the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Key Documents Declaration of Sentiments and Recolutions

women’s rights = men’s rights