Anatomy and Physiology 2 Dr. Brown Exam 1

formed elements

cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

formed elements

in blood, less than 1% "Buffy Coat" (White blood cells and platelets) and around 45% Red blood cells

plasma

in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system

plasma

makes up around 55% of blood, it is 92% water, 7% plasma proteins, and 1% Gases and Nutrients

hematocrit

(also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

erythrocyte

(also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

biconcave disk

shape of red blood cells/erythrocyte, flexible/foldable

hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes

buffy coat

a thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood (makes up less than 1% of blood sample)

erythropoietin (EPO)

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

heme

red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

biliverdin

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

bilirubin

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

anemia

deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

platelets

(also, thrombocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes- function to produce clots

platelet plug formation

accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury

thrombin

enzyme essential for the final steps in formation of a fibrin clot

fibrinogen

plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting

fibrin

insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot

thrombus

aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein- an abnormal clot

embolus

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

universal donor

individual with type O− blood

universal recipient

individual with type AB+ blood

leukocyte

(also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease

neutrophil

granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria

neutrophil

comprise between 54-65% of white blood cells, PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocyte), professional phagocytes- eat things that don't belong in our bloodstream

eosinophil

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

eosinophil

get their name from granules in their cell that are attracted to the acidic dye eosin- 2nd rarest WBC only 1-3%, causes inflammation- allergic mediators, results in allergic reactions

basophil

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

basophil

granules contain acidic substances and attract basic purple dye, vary rare makeup less than 1% of WBT ct, mediate inflammatory response, granules contain histamine and heparin- both are potent vasodilators.

monocyte

agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages

monocyte

largest WBC (3-5x size of RBC), make up around 3-9% of WBC ct, professional phagocytes not in bloodstream, undergo diapedesis

diapedesis

monocyte (in plasma) leaves the bloodstream by squeezing out between endothelial cells of capillaries and then undergoes drastic morphological change becoming a macrophage (in tissues)

granular leukocytes

leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

agranular leukocytes

leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells

albumin

most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma (blood), also responsible for steroid transportation through hydrophobic pockets

globulin

heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins and lipids, clotting factors, immune proteins, and act as antibodies

plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

plasma gases

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Non-protein Nitrogenous Substances (NPNS)

waste- urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, bilirubin (are the breakdown products of something else)

Electrolytes

any substance that ionizes when it dissolves in water- ions of the solution, maintains resting membrane potential and osmotic pressure

hemostasis

physiological process by which bleeding ceases

heparin

short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin

step 1 of hemoglobin recycling:

hemoglobin breaks into globin and heme

step 2 of hemoglobin recycling:

globin is broken down into amino acids and recycled, heme is broken down into Iron (Fe) and Bilirubin

step 3 of hemoglobin recycling:

iron is recycled, bilirubin is broken down into biliverdin and bile which then becomes feces

where does hemoglobin recycling occur?

the liver

why can't erythrocytes survive more than 120 days?

they lack a nucleus, DNA, and mRNA, and therefore they cannot make the proteins needed to repair themselves

where are red blood cells produced (in adults)?

red bone marrow

step 1 of the regulation of erythrocyte production:

erythropoietin is released from the kidneys and liver into the bloodstream to the red bone marrow

step 2 of the regulation of erythrocyte production:

red bone marrow produces more RBC's

step 3 of the regulation of erythrocyte production:

blood capacity goes up

step 4 of the regulation of erythrocyte production:

rise in O2 inhibits EPO release, decrease in O2 stimulates EPO release

what is the primary function of erythrocytes?

carry oxygen in the bloodstream

what 3 nutrients are vital for RBC production?

vitamin B12, Folic acid, and iron (Fe)

what percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils and what is their function?

54-62%, professional phagocytes in the bloodstream

what percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils and what is their function?

1-3%, allergic mediators and destroy parasitic worms

what percentage of leukocytes are basophils and what is their function?

less than 1%, inflammation/inflammatory response

what percentage of leukocytes are monocytes and what is their function?

3-9%, professional phagocytes outside of bloodstream, in bloodstream=monocyte, in tissue=macrophage

what percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes and what is their function?

25-35%, adaptive immunity

antigen

large proteins that may trigger a defensive response from leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize them, tells us what blood type we are

antibody

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses, tell us what blood type we can receive

Rh factor

presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood

Differential White Blood Cell Count (DIFF)

measures the relative percentage of each type of leukocyte as a function of all leukocytes

Type A-

has A-antigens and anti-B antibodies, can receive blood from A- and O-

Type A+

has A-antigens, anti-B antibodies, and Rh antigens, can receive blood from A+, A-, O+, O-

Type B-

has B-antigens and anti-A antibodies, can receive blood from B- and O-

Type B+

has B-antigens, anti-A antibodies, and Rh antigens, can receive blood from B+, B-, O+, O-

Type AB-

has A-antigens and B-antigens, can receive blood from A-, B-, O-, AB-

Type AB+

has A-antigens, B-antigens, and Rh antigens, can receive blood from AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-

Type O-

has anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies, can receive blood from O-

Type O+

has anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, and Rh antigens, can receive blood from O+ and O-

What happens when a person with Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood?

1st exposure equals sensitized and begins producing anti-Rh antibodies, 2nd exposure equals destroy all Rh-positive cells

what is the normal hematocrit value for a healthy adult?

45%

what is the size of an erythrocyte diameter?

7.5 um

what is the average blood volume?

5 liters

vasospasm

first thing that happens when a blood vessel is torn, the walls of the blood vessel contract to limit blood flow

what two substances do platelets secret after forming a platelet plug?

serotonin and prothrombin activator

serotonin

vasoconstrictor

why can't thrombin be in it's active form in regular blood circulation?

it would cause blood clotting and stop blood flow

prothrombin

inactive thrombin

embolism

when an embolus gets lodged somewhere

why is clot formation such a complicated process?

we only want it to happen if necessary, the more dangerous a system is the more complicated

TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator), Heparin, and Warfarin

fibrinolytic substances that breakdown fibrin and destroy blood clots

step 1 of hemostasis:

break in vessel wall (vasospasm)

step 2 of hemostasis:

as blood escapes platelets contact collagen fibers

step 3 of hemostasis:

platelets stick to collagen and each other, forming a platelet plug

step 4 of hemostasis:

platelet secretes serotonin (vasoconstrictor) and prothrombin activator

step 5 of hemostasis:

prothrombin activator and Ca2+ turn inactive prothrombin into active thrombin

step 6 of hemostasis:

thrombin turns soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (clot forms)

normal percentages of neutrophils:

54-62

elevated levels of neutrophil may signify:

bacterial infection

normal percentages of lymphocytes:

25-33

elevated levels of lymphocytes my signify:

mononucleosis, pertussis, viral infection

normal percentages of monocytes:

3-9

elevated levels of monocytes may signify:

malaria, tuberculosis, fungal infections

normal percentages of eosinophils:

1-3

elevated levels of eosinophils may signify:

allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, parasitic worm infection

normal percentages of basophils:

<1

elevated levels of basophils may signify:

chicken pox, some cancers, hypothyroidism