APHUG Unit 4 Review

State:

Politically organized territory with permanent population, defined territory, government, and sovereignty (e.g., Japan, Brazil)

Nation:

Cultural group bound by shared history, language, religion, or homeland (e.g., Kurds, Japanese)

Nation-State:

State whose territory corresponds almost entirely to a single nation (e.g., Japan, Iceland, Poland)

Multinational State:

State containing two or more distinct nations under one government (e.g., UK, Canada, Russia)

Stateless Nation:

Nation without its own independent sovereign state (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians)

Multistate Nation:

Single nation stretching across multiple states (e.g., Koreans, Hungarians)

Autonomous vs. Semiautonomous Region:

High self-governance (Hong Kong) vs. moderate self-governance (Nunavut, Catalonia)

Territoriality:

Connection of people, culture, and economy to land with a desire to control/defend it

Neocolonialism:

Indirect economic/political control over former colonies without military rule (e.g., China's Belt and Road loans)

Shatterbelt:

Unstable region caught between colliding external powers (e.g., Balkans, Middle East)

Choke Point:

Strategic narrow waterway or land passage vital for trade/military (e.g., Strait of Hormuz, Suez Canal)

Boundary Creation Stages:

1. Defined (treaty), 2. Delimited (map), 3. Demarcated (physical), 4. Administered (enforced)

Antecedent Boundary:

Drawn before cultural landscape developed (e.g., 49th parallel U.S./Canada)

Subsequent vs. Consequent Boundary:

Drawn after settlement (Northern Ireland) vs. created to separate cultural/religious groups (India/Pakistan)

Superimposed Boundary:

Drawn by outside powers disregarding existing cultures (e.g., 1884 Berlin Conference)

Geometric vs. Relic Boundary:

Straight lines along latitude/longitude (Egypt/Sudan) vs. former border still visible (Berlin Wall)

Boundary Disputes:

Definitional (treaty wording), Locational (physical shift/Rio Grande), Operational (function/immigration), Allocational (resources/Rumaila oil)

UNCLOS Maritime Zones:

Territorial Sea (12 nm), Contiguous Zone (24 nm), EEZ (200 nm resources; Median Line Principle if less than 400 nm apart), High Seas (beyond 200 nm)

Gerrymandering:

Redrawing voting districts for political advantage via Packing (concentrating) and Cracking (diluting)

Unitary vs. Federal State:

Centralized national power (France, Japan) vs. power shared with regional governments (U.S., India)

Devolution:

Transfer of power from central to regional governments due to physical geography, ethnic separatism, inequality, or irredentism

Balkanization:

Complete breakdown of a state into smaller hostile states (e.g., breakup of Yugoslavia)

Irredentism:

Movement to unite with people of the same ethnicity/culture in a neighboring state (e.g., Russia and Crimea)

Supranationalism:

Alliance of 3 or more states giving up some sovereignty for mutual benefit (e.g., UN, EU, NATO, USMCA, ASEAN)

Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces:

Forces that unify a state (shared language, infrastructure) vs. forces that divide a state (ethnic conflict, uneven development)