Properties of Matter, Mixtures, Measurement, and Scientific Contributions

Vocabulary flashcards covering the components and classification of mixtures, measurement and units, extensive and intensive physical properties, responsible consumption, gender contributions in science, and traditional Mesoamerican materials and knowledge.

Atom (Átomo)

The smallest part of matter that retains the properties of a chemical element.

Mixture (Mezcla)

The physical combination of two or more substances that can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous based on physical appearance.

Homogeneous mixture (Mezcla homogénea)

A mixture characterized by having the same composition throughout its entire extension, whose individual components cannot be identified by the naked eye.

Heterogeneous mixture (Mezcla heterogénea)

A mixture with a variable composition whose individual components can be distinguished by the naked eye.

Dispersing phase (Fase dispersante)

The continuous medium in a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed phase is distributed; it is present in the greater proportion.

Dispersed phase (Fase dispersa)

The phase in a heterogeneous mixture that is distributed discontinuously throughout the dispersing medium; it is present in a lesser proportion.

Solute (Soluto)

The component of a homogeneous mixture that dissolves in the solvent, typically found in a lesser quantity.

Solvent / Dissolvent (Disolvente / Solvente)

The component of a homogeneous mixture in which the solute dissolves, typically present in the greater quantity.

Pure substances (Sustancias puras)

Substances characterized by having a definite, constant composition, which are classified into elements and compounds.

Measurement (Medir)

The process of determining a magnitude or comparing a specific property of an object using an appropriate reference unit.

International System of Units (SI)

The standardized system established to unify the different measurement units used for physical magnitudes globally.

Density (Densidad)

An intensive property defined as the relationship between the mass of a material and the volume it occupies, calculated by $\text{Density } (\rho) = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}}$ and expressed in units such as $\text{kg/m}^3$ or $\text{g/cm}^3$.

Matter (Materia)

Everything that occupies a place in space, exists as materials in solid, liquid, or gas states, and possesses identifying properties.

Extensive properties (Propiedades extensivas)

Properties of matter that depend directly on the amount of matter present, such as mass, volume, and size.

Intensive properties (Propiedades intensivas)

Properties of matter that depend on its nature rather than the quantity of matter, including density, hardness, solubility, viscosity, melting temperature, boiling temperature, and electrical conductivity.

Hypothesis (Hipótesis)

A testable and verifiable answer formulated to address the experimental question guiding scientific tests.

Hoba West Meteorite (Hoba Oeste)

A large meteorite discovered in 1920 in Namibia, Africa, that fell $80\,000\text{ years}$ ago, weighing close to $66\,000\,\text{kg}$, measuring $2.7 \times 2.7\,\text{meters}$ by $0.90\,\text{meters}$, with an estimated density of $2.5$ to $3.5\,\text{g/cm}^3$ and a melting point of approximately $1400\,^\circ\text{C}$.

Responsible consumer (Consumidor responsable)

An individual who evaluates whether a purchase is absolutely necessary, aligns with personal finances, is environmentally friendly, and comes from companies that respect workers' human rights.

Nobel Prize (Premio Nobel)

A major recognition awarded to individuals generating knowledge; from 1901 to 2020, it was awarded to 876 men and 60 women, 22 of whom were honored in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

Women Nobel Laureates in Chemistry (through 2022)

The eight women who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry up to 2022: Marie Curie (1911), Irène Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964), Ada E. Yonath (2009), Frances Arnold (2018), Emmanuelle Charpentier (2020), Jennifer A. Doudna (2020), and Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2022).

Material

An element or combination of elements utilized to satisfy specific human needs.

Milpa and Chinampa

Efficient and sustainable agricultural production systems developed by pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican peoples to cultivate staples such as corn, beans, cacao, amaranth, vanilla, and chili.

Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican dyes (Grana cochinilla and Caracol púrpura)

Natural colorants discovered by Mesoamerican peoples to dye ceramics, textiles, and other items, including red pigment from cochineal (grana cochinilla) and purple dye extracted from the purple snail (caracol púrpura).