Psychpt5

Bidirectionality

________- even if there is some causal relationship, it's not certain which direction it goes (which one causes which ?)

Correlations

________ can be mathmatically described by a(n) ________ calculator.

Samples

________ are constructed to have a composition that more closely resembles the populations being studied.

Representativeness

________- the way certain methods of data collection have the ability to represent specific parts of a population, like how when a magazine put out a survey asking which candidate would win, the results said the conservative candidate because those who can afford magazines tend to be more conservative.

Survey research

________ is based on collecting data using questionnaires or interviews.

Survey sample

________ was unrepresentative- Names obtained using telephone directories, car registrations, and magazine subscription lists.

Negative correlation

________- if x increases, y decreases and if x decreases, y increases.

Positive correlations

________- as x increases, y increases and if x decreases, y decreases.

Survey Research Cons

________- Can not infer cause and effect data, rely on subjective self reports, possible issues with representativeness.

Survey research Pros

________- Efficient way to collect data, can gauge changes across time.

Sample

________- a collection of data.

Survey research Pros

Efficient way to collect data, can gauge changes across time

Survey Research Cons

Cannot infer cause and effect data, rely on subjective self reports, possible issues with representativeness

Representativeness

the way certain methods of data collection have the ability to represent specific parts of a population, like how when a magazine put out a survey asking which candidate would win, the results said the conservative candidate because those who can afford magazines tend to be more conservative

Survey sample was unrepresentative

Names obtained using telephone directories, car registrations, and magazine subscription lists

Sample

a collection of data

Stratified random sampling

attempts are made to draw samples in a pseudo-random fashion that takes into account various differences in the population

Correlational research

seeks to examine general relationships between variables of interest for particular research questions and involves measuring at least two variables then determining whether they are statistically related and remember that variables in correlational research are only ever measured, never manipulated

Correlational Research Pros

gauges the strength of relationships present, can be used to make predictions about variables, indentifies real world associations, can be used to study things we couldn't ethically manipualtion in experiments

Correlational research Cons

While the fact that these kinds of studies take place outside of the laboratory is a sort of advantage, it also mean they're uncontrolled, these studies don't allow inferences about cause and effect to be drawn, they merely demonstrate associations

Bidirectionality

even if there is some causal relationship, it's not certain which direction it goes (which one causes which?)

Positive correlations

as x increases, y increases and if x decreases, y decreases

Negative correlation

if x increases, y decreases and if x decreases, y increases

Experiments

examining cause and effect 1 one variable is manipulated (independent variable) 2 another variable is measured to determine what effect

Survey Research

Based on collecting data using questionnaires or interviews