Quiz 2 arch 4511

Static loads

Gradually applied, structure respond slowly

Dead loads

Load supplied by gravity-structure, fixtures and attached equipment

Live loads

Moving or movable loads-occupancy, snow and water, moving equipment

Dynamic loads

Applied suddenly (Rapid fluctuations in magnitude and point of application), subject to inertia, wind loads, earthquake

Structural forces

Any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body

Vector

Force with magnitude and direction

Moment

Rotation around a point or line

Structural Equilibrium

The state of balance at rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. Success lies in achieving this in structure/doesn't fall down

Point loads

load applied to a very small area or point of a structural element

Distributed loads

load of uniform magnitude evenly distributed over a structural element

Column

Rigid, slender. Transmit axial compressive loads applied to the ends. Frame and light

Beam

Rigid structural members that carry transverse loads of supporting members. Experience bending in a flexion under load. Efficiency of a beam is affected by changing cross-section. -heavy load-bearing

Bearing wall

Handle Loads like a wide column. Brick stone concrete

Other types include tilt up and cast in place concrete, adobe, rammed earth, cob, cordwood, Gabon, SIP, SEP

Bricks

Raw materials are clay and shale, usually open pit mine. Bricks are fired: Text roughly 14,300 BTU per brick. Very durable, or usable. Excellent thermal mass capabilities

Cored, hollowed, frogged

Cored circles, Hollow has rectangles, Frogged has rectangular indent

Standard Brick Dimesions

3 courses + mortar joints=8" vertically, 1 brick plus mortar joint=8" horizontally

Wythe

A vertical layer of masonry that is one masonry unit thick

Header

Brick laid so as to bond to wythes together

Stretcher

Brick laid with face parallel to the wall and it's long dimension horizontally. Long way against wall

Soldier

Brick laid on its ends with a space parallel to the wall. Standing on end

Rowlock

Brick laid on its face with its ends visible in the wall face. Short sides to wall skinny side up

Course

Horizontal layer of bricks or other masonry units

Concrete masonry units (CMU)

Made of different densities of concrete, using stand, gravel, cinder, pumice, or expanded lightweight aggravates- all have same min. compressive strength, the heavier the block higher the comp. strength

Standard CMU dimensions

8" x 8" x 16"- Actual size is 7 5/8" x 7 5/8 inch 5/15 and 5/8 inch with 3/8 and mortar

Mortar (function it serves)

Provides full bearing to compensate for surface irregularities. Seals between units to keep water and wind from penetrating. Adheres units together to bond into one monolithic structure. Important for appearance

Hydration (cement curing)

Cement and mortar cures by hydration, not drying-Find the sand particles

Mortar joints from best rain resistant to least

Concave, v shape, weathered /, flush |, struck \, raked

Reinforced Masonry

Uses rebar

unreinforced masonry (URM)

Plain Masonry

Solid masonry wall

Adjacent blocks or grouted

Cavity wall

Allows insertion of insulation, access to rain screen for drainage in cavity

Composite wall

Two or more types of masonry units

Insulating masonry walls

Placed either: On inside wall (stud wall), In cavity of cavity wall, and exterior

Arches

structures, usually curved, that span an opening

Lintels

Spanning openings with masonry, Steel angle, reinforce brick, precast concrete lintelsT

Movement joints and where they should be placed

We can either beef up the structure to resist movement or accommodate the movement with planned joints

Expansion

For fired clay brick expands with moisture

Control

For concrete masonry units shrinks as a cure

Building expansion

Four different masses of the structure

Structural frame

With the structural elements of a column, beam, slab, and loadbearing wall, we can form an elementary structural unit that starts to find the enclosure of space

One-way span

Stresses and loads carried in one direction to supporting structure. Generally better for longer, rectangular layout, with repeating bays.

Two-way span

Stresses and loads cared into directions to supporting structure. Generally better for square or combinations of square layout. Only reinforced concrete used

Lateral Stability

Achieved with combo of horizontal diaphragm, rigid frame, braced frame, knee bracing, K braces, cross bracing, sheer wall, withstand all possible load conditions, gravity

, vertical loads lateral loads

Horizontal diaphragm

A rigid floor structure, acting as a flat, deep beam, transfers lateral loads to vertical shear walls, braced frames, or rigid frames

Rigid frame

A frame with fixed connections that resist lateral loads. The joints are braced to resist both forces and moments.

Braced frame

Diagonal bracing

Knee bracing

system that uses bracing struts that can be concealed within a ceiling system

K braces

connect to the columns at mid-height. This frame has more flexibility for the provision of openings in the facade and results in the least bending in floor beams. Almost like a Diamond

Cross bracing

Braces (metal or wood) placed diagonally from the bottom of one rail to the top of another rail that add support to a structure. Like an x

Shear wall

a stiff wall that imparts lateral force resistance to a building frame

Precast concrete frame advantages and disadvantages

Good: Save time, higher quality, save money. Bad: Installation, transportation

Precast beam shapes

Solid slab

A concrete slab, without ribs or voids, that spans between beams or bearing walls.

Hollow core slabs

intermediate spans, with internal longitudinal voids

Double Tee Slab

Spans Long Distances. two T-beams placed side by side. Two vertical stems and a horizontal slab, called a flange, are integrally molded to create a structure that can support heavy loads.

Single Tee Slabs

- Used for longer spans

- most precast slabs have rough top surface to accommodate a concrete topping

Cast-in-place floors

technology of construction of buildings where walls and slabs of the buildings are cast at the site in the formwork.

Chairs and Bolsters

support reinforcing bars in beams and slabs, prior to concrete placement.

Reinforcement/rebar (where it's placed)

Steel and concrete are mechanically and chemically Compatible. In the US number equals 1/8 of an inch diameter. Placed in concrete

Prestressing

Concrete that is reinforced by pre-tensioning or post tensioning hi string steel tendons with in their elastic limit to actively resist a service load

Pretentioning

Applying an initial compressive stress to concrete Before loads are placed on or built. Hydraulic ram pulls it. Stretch before concrete is cast

Post-tensioning

The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has cured. Circle openings in concrete

Open web steel joists

Lightweight steel truss with parallel top and bottom chords and a triangulated web system between. Lightweight and efficient system that can be used for both long and short spans (depending on depth) that allow for ductwork to pass through.

Form decking

Metal decking serving as a permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until the slab can support it self.

Composite decking

Metal decking serving as a permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement for a concrete slab bonded to it by a deformed or dovetail rib pattern.

Cellular decking

Metal decking manufactured by welding a corrugated steel sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a series of raceways for electrical wires and cables.

Bending

asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side

Deflection

The distance a beam or structure deforms under loading, typically due to bending in a beam.

Pintel-Type IV Heavy Timber

a pin or bolt, usually inserted into a gudgeon, which is used as part of a pivot or hinge. With iron dogs. Look like a funnel

Split ring connectors-Type IV Heavy Timber

ring shaped type of timber connector that is in inserted in routed grooves between timber members in order to reduce stresses to the timbers at the connection points.

Shear plates-Type IV Heavy Timber

Round plate, used in backs back pairs to develop shear resistance wood to wood connections. Or singlely wood to metal.

Firecuts-Type IV Heavy Timber

Avoids lever action on wall sockets in event of fire

Balloon frame

Method of wood construction that utilizes long continuous framing members (studs) that run from the sill plate to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures let into and nailed to them.

Platform frame

Construction technique in which each floor of a building provides support for the floor above it.

Joist

Beam that supports the roof (in a house)

Rim joist

A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and home

Bridging

continuous horizontal or diagonal bracing between open-web joists used to align joists and prevent buckling

Header

2 or more wood, used to transfer loads above openings

Wood floor joist options

- Solid dimensional lumber

- I-joist

- truss joist

-composite truss

Solid dimensional lumber

wood lumber that is cut to pre-defined, standard sizes. Dimensional lumber sizes refer to depth and width, not length

I-joist

Engineered wood joists with an "I" shaped cross section. Commonly used in modern roof and floor construction.

Truss Joist or TJ

Floor truss with triangle allow opening plumbing and electrical

Composite truss

A truss having timber compression members and steel tension members.

Stringer

A timber connecting upright posts for stairs