A&P 1 Exam 3

articulations and muscles

Joint Structural Classification

based on the anatomical organization of the joint

Joint Functional Classification

based on ROM of the joint

Fibrous Structural Classification

Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis, and interosseous membranes

Syndesmosis

bones connected by a ligament cord/band or sheet of dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Cartilaginous Structural Classification

Synchondrosis, and Symphysis

Synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate and between first rib and sternum)

a rigid hyaline cartilage bridge between 2 articulating bones

Synovial Structural Classification

Hinge, ball and socket, pivot, plane, saddle. and ellipsoid

If syndesmoses is a sheet it will be referred as

An interosseous membrane

Synostosis (bony fusion/bony joint, no visible sutures)

totally rigid and immovable joint

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint no range of motion

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly moveable little range of motion

Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints)

Freely movable wide range of motion

Synarthrosis Functional Classification ex

Synostosis, sutures, and synchondrosis

Amphiarthrosis Functional Classification ex

Syndesmosis, gomphosis, and symphysis

Joint Capsule Outer Layer

Fibrous capsule or fibrous membrane

Joint Capsule Inner Layer

Synovial membrane

Synovial Membrane Composition

synoviocytes, areolar connective tissue and elastic fibers

Proteoglycans in Collagen Fibers on Articular Cartilage Release

Water when pressure is applied

Weeping Lubrication

Cyclic motion of water and nutrients in joint due to pressure

Fat Pads (superficial to joint capsule)

several joints contain fat pads

Cartilages (fibrocartilage)

some joints contain meniscus

Sensory Receptors

Pacinian corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles, and free nerve endings

Proprioceptors

monitor position, movement, and stretch of muscle and joint

Examples of proprioceptors

golgi tendon organ and ligament receptors

Sprain

ligament is stretched to the point where some of all the collagen fibers are torn

Intrinsic Ligaments

are part of the joint capsule

Extrinsic ligaments

not part of the joint capsule

Bursa

small pockets filled with synovial fluid that are found in locations where friction may occur

Tendon Sheaths (synovial sheaths)

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa

Types of Extrinsic Ligaments

extracapsular and intracapsular

Examples of Extracapsular Ligaments

MCL and LCL

Examples of Intracapsular Ligaments

ACL and PCL

Luxation

Complete dislocation of joint

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint

Types of Articular Movement

Gliding, Angular, and Rotation

Gliding (sliding) Movement

back and forth, and side to side

Angular Movement

movement that changes angle that pivots at the point of articulation

Rotation Movement

Partial rotation not 360

Angular Movement Includes

Flexion, extension, hypertension; abduction, adduction; circumduction; lateral extension and flexion

Rotation Movement Includes

Supination, pronation; medial and lateral rotation; right and left rotation

Examples of Gliding Movement

between carpal bones

Circumduction

moving arm in a loop

Inversion

twists sole of foot medially

Eversion

Twists sole of foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle, lifting toes

Plantar Flexion

Extension at ankle, pointing toes

Opposition

Thumb movement towards fingers or palm, grasping

Reposition

Thumb brought back to anatomical position

Protraction

moves anteriorly in the horizontal plane, pushing forward

Retraction

moves posteriorly, pulls back

Elevation

movement in superior direction

Depression

movement in inferior direction

Lateral Excursion

mandible moves to the right or left

Medial Excursion

Mandible returns to the midline

Planes (axes) of Dynamic Motion or Movement

Nonaxial, monaxial, biaxial, traxial

Nonaxial (Translational) Plane

gliding allows only small amounts of movement, back and fourth and side to side

Monaxial (Uniaxial)

movement along one axis, angular or rotation movement

Biaxial Plane

movement along two axes, angular but not rotational movement

Triaxial (Multiaxial) Plane

movement along three axes, angular and rotational movement

Nonaxial Example

Plane joints

Monoaxial Example

Hinge and pivot Joints

Biaxial Examples

Condylar and saddle joints

Triaxial Examples

Ball and socket joints

Rotational Movement

1 and 3

Nonaxial, Monaxial, Biaxial, Triaxial

1 2 2 1

Range of Motion and Stability

Inverse relationship

Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joints)

greatest range of motion but least stable joint

Elbow Joint (Cubital Joint)

stable hinge joint with thick joint capsule

Joints of Elbow

Humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joint are

Hinge joints

Proximal Radioulnar Joint is

A pivot joint

Humeroulnar Joint size

Largest elbow joint

Hip Joint (Coxal Joint)

has a wide range of motion

Knee Joint

complicated hinge joint that transfers weight from femur to ulna

3 C’s of Knee Injuries

Cruciates, Collaterals, and Cartilages

Rheumatism

A general term that indicates pain and stiffness

Arthritis

encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

Osteoarthritis OA (Degenerative Arthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease DJD)

Most common form that generally affects people 60 and older and is slow and irreversible

Joints most affected from Osteoarthritis

fingers, cervical, lumbar joints, knees and hips

Percentage Distribution of Osteoarthritis In US based on gender

25% of women and 15% of men

Bone Spurs

Bodies attempt to cope with loss of articular cartilage

Rheumatoid Arthritis RA

an autoimmune disease characterized with inflammation

Rheumatoid Arthritis and population

affects about .5 and 1 % of population but 3 time more present in women around the age of 40-50

Rheumatoid Arthritis characteristics

Marked by remissions and flare ups, and often occurs symmetrically and is extremely painful

Anylosis

immobility due to the fusion of the bones

Pannus

Inflamed synovial membrane

Gouty Arthritis (Gout)

accumulation of uric acid crystals within synovial joints

Gout and Population

Most common in men typically after the age of 30 and can be genetic and usually ongoing

Lyme Disease

Caused by bacterial infection that affects multiple organs including the joints and can lead to chronic arthritis

Bunion

Most are deformations of the first metatarsal, bursitis accompany this deformity and is irritated by tight shoes

Tendinitis

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, often from overuse, such as tennis elbow

Properties of Muscle Tissue

Excitability or irritability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

Excitability or Irritability

ability to revive and respond to a stimulus

Contractility (unique to muscle tissue)

ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated

Extensibility

ability to be stretched or extended

Elasticity

ability to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched

Muscle Cells

Muscle fiber

3 layers of connective tissue sheaths

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

Epimysium (overcoat, dense irregular connective tissue)

connects or blends into the muscle fascia separating muscles from surrounding tissues and organs