hdfs exam 3

Best predictor of puberty timing

Genetics

Bandura: real, at-hand model

A person directly present whom someone can observe, such as a parent or teacher.

Bandura: symbolic model

A model presented through media, such as a politician seen on television.

Implicit awareness

Subtle behavioral indicators that someone expects an outcome.

Explicit awareness

Conscious recognition or explanation of another person's mental state.

Friendships ages 4–7

Based on shared activities, interests, and geographic convenience.

Friendships ages 8–10

Trust becomes an important basis of friendship.

Friendships ages 11–15

Intimacy and shared values become important.

Kohlberg Stage 1

Punishment avoidance.

Kohlberg Stage 2

Instrumental purpose; personal needs and benefits.

Kohlberg Stage 3

Good Boy–Nice Girl; gaining approval from others.

Kohlberg Stage 4

Maintaining social order, rules, and laws.

Kohlberg Stage 5

Social contract; evaluating laws in relation to rights and society.

Kohlberg Stage 6

Universal ethical principles.

Early childhood sleep

Approximately 10–12 total hours, including naps, according to lecture notes.

Semantics

The meaning of words and language.

Syntax

Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.

Pragmatics

Using language appropriately in social situations and context.

Hall's view of adolescence

G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as 'storm and stress' or 'sturm und drang.'

Arnett's view of adolescence

Arnett's 1999 research suggested stability may be greater than instability.

Middle childhood self-concept

Becomes more realistic and influenced by social comparisons.

Early childhood self-concept

Often concrete and unrealistically positive.

Bronfenbrenner: microsystem

Settings and people with whom a child directly interacts.

Bronfenbrenner: mesosystem

Connections between parts of the child's microsystem, such as home and school.

Bronfenbrenner: exosystem

Settings that indirectly affect a child, such as a parent's workplace.

Bronfenbrenner: macrosystem

Cultural values, norms, customs, and broader social beliefs.

Bronfenbrenner: chronosystem

Changes over time that affect development, including life transitions and historical events.

Authoritative parenting

High warmth/involvement and appropriate control; firm but responsive.

Authoritarian parenting

High control and low warmth/responsiveness; strict and demanding.

Permissive parenting

High warmth/involvement and low control; few limits.

Uninvolved parenting

Low warmth/involvement and low control.

Freud's anal stage

About 18 months–3 years; toilet training and control.

Freud's phallic stage

About ages 3–7; Freud associated this stage with genital awareness.

Freud's latency stage

About age 7 until adolescence; sexual impulses are described as relatively dormant.

Sullivan's chums stage

Occurs during preadolescence and emphasizes close friendships.

Erikson Stage 2

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt; ages 1–3; ideal virtue is will.

Erikson Stage 3

Initiative vs. guilt; ages 3–5; ideal virtue is purpose.

Erikson Stage 4

Industry vs. inferiority; about age 6 through adolescence; ideal virtue is competence.

Support autonomy

Offer safe choices, encourage self-care, and allow children to practice independence.

Support initiative

Encourage exploration, offer choices, and respond patiently when children make mistakes.

Support industry

Provide achievable challenges, recognize effort, and help children build skills.

Parten: unoccupied play

Child is not engaged in a specific play activity; notes place it around birth–3 months.

Parten: solitary play

Child plays alone; notes place it around 3 months–2 years.

Parten: onlooker play

Child watches other children play without joining; around age 2 in the notes.

Parten: parallel play

Children play beside one another without much interaction; around ages 2–3.

Parten: associative play

Children interact and share materials but do not coordinate around one shared goal; around ages 3–4.

Parten: cooperative play

Children organize play and work toward a shared goal; around age 4 and older.

Parallel play scenario

Two children sit beside each other building separate block towers.

Associative play scenario

Children share crayons and talk while drawing, but each makes a separate picture.

Cooperative play scenario

Children pretend to run a store, assigning roles and working together.

Onlooker play scenario

A child watches classmates play tag without joining.

Theory of mind

Understanding that other people have thoughts, desires, and beliefs that influence behavior.

Theory of mind step 1

Understanding that people's desires or wants influence their actions.

Theory of mind step 2

Understanding that people's beliefs influence their actions.

Theory of mind step 3

Understanding that people can hold false beliefs and act based on them.

Age for understanding false beliefs

Typically around ages 4–5.

Sally-Anne task

Tests whether a child understands that someone can hold a false belief about where an object is.

Three Mountains Task

Tests whether a child can understand another person's visual perspective.

Animism scenario

A child says a stuffed animal is sad or that the sun follows them.

Egocentrism scenario

A child assumes everyone sees or understands a situation exactly as they do.

Centration

Focusing on one feature of a situation while ignoring other relevant features.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same even when appearance changes.

Overregularization

Applying a language rule to an irregular word, such as 'goed' instead of 'went.'

Overextension

Using a word too broadly, such as calling every four-legged animal a dog.

Underextension

Using a word too narrowly, such as using 'cup' only for one particular cup.

Scenario: avoids breaking a rule to escape punishment

Kohlberg Stage 1: punishment avoidance.

Scenario: shares because they will get a reward

Kohlberg Stage 2: instrumental purpose.

Scenario: behaves well to gain approval

Kohlberg Stage 3: Good Boy–Nice Girl.

Scenario: follows laws to maintain social order

Kohlberg Stage 4: social order.

Scenario: believes laws should protect people's rights

Kohlberg Stage 5: social contract.

Scenario: acts according to universal fairness despite a conflicting rule

Kohlberg Stage 6: universal ethical principles.

Scenario: parent listens to child but maintains reasonable rules

Authoritative parenting.

Scenario: parent demands obedience and does not allow discussion

Authoritarian parenting.

Scenario: parent is affectionate but rarely enforces rules

Permissive parenting.

Scenario: parent provides little attention, warmth, or supervision

Uninvolved parenting.

Scenario: politician seen in a TV commercial

Symbolic model, not a real, at-hand model.

Scenario: child learns a dance by watching a sibling in the room

Observational learning from a real, at-hand model.

Scenario: disagreement over what the word 'healthy' means

Semantics, because the disagreement concerns meaning.

Scenario: disagreement about how to arrange words in a sentence

Syntax.

Scenario: child affected by a parent's work schedule

Exosystem influence.

Scenario: child influenced by cultural beliefs about gender roles

Macrosystem influence.

Scenario: child waits to receive a bigger reward later

Delay of gratification.

Instrumental aggression

Aggression used to achieve another goal.

Hostile aggression

Aggression intended to hurt another person.

Relational aggression

Aggression that harms relationships, social standing, or inclusion.

Distributive justice: equality

A fairness principle that appears around ages 5–6 in the lecture notes.

Distributive justice: merit

A fairness principle that appears around ages 6–7 in the lecture notes.

Distributive justice: benevolence

A fairness principle that appears around age 8 in the lecture notes.

Adrenarche

Rise in adrenal androgens; lecture notes give about age 6 in girls and age 9 in boys.

Gonadarche

Increased hormonal production leading toward reproductive maturity.

Menarche

First menstrual cycle; lecture notes give approximately ages 10–14.

Spermarche

First ejaculation; lecture notes give approximately ages 12–14.

Primary sexual characteristics

Reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction.

Secondary sexual characteristics

Physical changes such as breast development, body hair, hips, and muscle changes.

Circadian rhythm changes in adolescence

Sleep and wake timing shifts later.

Preadolescence

A transition toward adolescence; not a fixed stage with identical timing for everyone.