Movement and Joint Classification Notes

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering joint classifications (functional and structural), synovial joint features and configurations, joint movements, and muscle contraction mechanics.

The meeting places between two or more bones that give the skeleton mobility and hold it together are called __________.

joints (articulations)

Connective tissues that attach bones to bones are called __________.

ligaments

Connective tissues that attach muscles to bones are called __________.

tendons

In functional joint classification, the less movable the joint, the more __________ it is.

stable

Functionally, non-moving joints such as the cranium that protects the brain are classified as __________.

synarthroses

Functionally, slightly-moving joints such as the junction where pubic bones meet in the pelvis are classified as __________.

amphiarthroses

Functionally, freely moving joints found mainly in the limbs, such as the knee and elbow, are classified as __________.

diarthroses

Joints that connect bones with the collagen fibers of dense connective tissue and are mostly immovable are classified structurally as __________.

fibrous joints

Fibrous joints that hold the bones of the skull together are called __________.

sutures

Fibrous joints where the fibula and tibia in the lower leg are held together by ligaments only are known as __________.

syndesmoses

The fibrous joints through which teeth are embedded in their sockets are called __________.

gomphoses

Joints that connect bones with cartilage and can be rigid but also slightly movable are classified structurally as __________.

cartilaginous joints

An immovable cartilaginous joint formed by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage between the sternum and the first rib is a __________.

synchondrosis

A slightly movable cartilaginous joint formed by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs acting as shock absorbers between vertebrae is a __________.

symphysis

Joints that connect bones with dense connective tissues and a fluid-filled joint cavity, allowing them to be freely movable, are classified as __________.

synovial joints

In a synovial joint, opposing bone surfaces are covered by __________.

articular cartilage

In a synovial joint, the fluid that fills the articular cavity and acts as a lubricant is called __________.

synovial fluid

Synovial joints like the intercarpal joints in the wrist and intertarsal joints in the ankle, which allow flat bone surfaces to slip back-and-forth or side-to-side, are known as __________ joints.

gliding (plane)

A synovial joint that moves in only one direction and permits angular movements like flexion and extension is a __________ joint.

hinge

Bending a joint in a way that decreases the angle between articulating bones is called __________.

flexion

Moving a joint beyond the standard anatomical position is referred to as __________.

hyperextension

A synovial joint that allows rotation and twisting movements back and forth, such as where the humerus meets the radius and ulna at the elbow, is a __________ joint.

pivot

In pivot joint movements, twisting forward is supination, while twisting backward is __________.

pronation

A joint configured like a pedestal with a joint on top, found in the wrist and allowing flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, is a __________ joint.

condylar

Moving a limb away from the median plane along the frontal plane is known as __________.

abduction

Moving a limb toward the median plane along the frontal plane is known as __________.

adduction

The type of synovial joint that permits opposition movements as well as flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, exemplified by the thumb joints, is a __________ joint.

saddle

The synovial joint configuration with the most maneuverability that permits rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension, such as in the shoulder and hip, is the __________ joint.

ball and socket

Moving a limb in a circle, such as making circles with the arms, is known as __________.

circumduction

Lifting and then lowering a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders or jaw dropping, represents __________.

elevation and depression

Sticking the jaw out to form an underbite and then pulling it back in are examples of __________.

protraction and retraction

Lifting the foot up and down at the ankle is classified as __________.

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Turning the foot toward the midline of the body is inversion, whereas turning it away from the midline is __________.

eversion

A muscle contraction that causes a change in the length of the muscle, such as lifting a box or performing push-ups, is an __________ contraction.

isotonic

A muscle contraction where there is no change in muscle length, such as standing with good posture or holding a plank, is an __________ contraction.

isometric

When muscles contract across joints to cause body movement, they always __________, never push.

pull

During a muscle contraction, the movable bone is the __________, whereas the bone that moves less or not at all is the origin.

insertion

In a bicep curl, the __________ serves as the insertion point and pulls toward the scapula, which serves as the origin.

radius