Intro to Cell Bio - Organelles

Organelles and their diseases

nucleus

area where most of the genetic material is organized. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

chromatin

unraveled DNA is a non put together structure that contains DNA and proteins, and it condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

chromosomes

highly condensed chromatin (23 pairs of chromosomes)

ribosomes

site of polypeptide synthesis (make protiens)

lysosomes

Digestive enzymes: all things are recycled and broken down into materials to be reused. pH is acidic, so it can perform apoptosis

plamsa membrane

Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment and regulates the transport of materials entering and leaving the cell. Also provides protection and structural support.

Golgi body

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for inside or outside the cell. Organizes these molecules and labels them with specific molecular “tags” to ensure they reach the right destination.

peroxisomes

keeps cell free of toxins and unwanted chemicals. breaks down fatty acids. Helps liver and kidneys by eliminating hydrogen peroxide in the cell.

cytoskeleton

made of protein fibers : 3 parts, microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules

mitocondria

ATP synthesis (energy), own DNA, prehistoric prokaryotic cell engulfed by bigger cell, double membrane

smooth ER

Forms phospholipids and cholesterol for new cell membranes and steroid hormones. The network of small tubes allows storage of key enzymes crucial for the detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs and alcohol.

rough ER

has bumpy ribosomes on its surface that make proteins. Inside the ER, proteins are modified and then packed in vesicles and sent off somewhere

Microtubules

large, tubulin, transport + movement, train tracks, cilia/flagella

intermediate filaments

medium, various protiens like keratin, strength + stability, strong cables/springs, skin/hair strength

microfilaments

small, actin, cell movement + muscle contraction, thin ropes, muscle contraction

central vacuoles

hold water, needed for pressure (plant cells only)

contractile vacuoles and food vacuoles

contractile used for moevment of things, and food vacuoles used for storage

chloroplast

site for photosynthesis - plant only

cystic fibrosis

mitocondria - CFTR protein is missing, CF cells can’t move salt or water properly, causing thick mucis to build up

alzheimers disease

rough ER - misfolded proteins build up, producing amyloid-beta plaques and tau proteins into tangles inside neurons. Destory synapses and kill brain cells

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)

smooth ER - smooth er in liver cells, certain drugs overwhelm this process and and cause ER stress

I-cell disease

Golgi body - problem with enzyme that prevents lysosomes from receiving the enzymes they need and causing material to build up in the cells

lysosomal storage disease

lysosomes - deficiency of certain enzyme, unable to breakdown certain molecules, build up of damaged cells or debris inside the lysosomes

infantile refsum disease

peroxisomes - prevents cells from forming normal, working peroxisomes. form very long fatty acid chains

MERRF

mitochondria - abnormal tRNA and reduced ability for mitochondria to effectively build protein and produce energy for the body

Bardet Biedl Ciliopathy

microtubules - problems w tubules - cilia doesn’t work properly, cell signalling problems

Actin Accumulation Myopathy

microfilaments - actin builds up inside muscle cells, muscle fibers become damaged+weak

Progeria

Intermediate filaments - lamin mutation that produces progeria instead and kills the nucleus