everything to know for the world 2 test

Bedouin

nomatic tribes

Muhammad

the prophet of Islam, was born into the Quraysh tribe of Mecca,

Mecca

where muhammed was born

where the kaaba is located

Islams holiest city

Medina

where muhammed and his followers migrated (called Hijra

important to the muslim community

where muhammed was barried

Khadija

Muhammads wife

Kaaba

terrestrial center of Islam and Muslims make a pilgrimage to it at least once in their life

Quran

the holy book of islam

five pillars

Shahada: Belief in one god

Salat: Pray 5 times a day

Zakat: Give charity

Sawm: Fast during ramadahn

Hajj: Trip to mecca

Sharia

the body of Islamic law. rules found in the qur'an

Abu Bakar

the successor after muhammad: muhammads father in law

Caliph

succesor to the prophet

Shia

believed leadership should go to an elected, qualified individual

sunni

believed that true leadership could only stay within muhammads bloodline

Umar

second succsesser of muhammad: friend to muhammad

Uthman

third succsessor to muhammad: son in law to muhammad (member of the umayed)

Rashadin Caliphate

abu bakar and umar

Umayyad Caliphate

the foruth caliphate

Damascus

umayyad capital

Abbasid dynasty

followed and sought equality for all Muslims. (sunni)

Baghdad

Abbasid capital

Gunpoweder Empire

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires

Ottoman Empire

capital -> instanbul,

Suleiman

Janissaries

Sunni islam

suleiman

leader of the ottoman empire during its golden age

Janissary corp

elite military made from christian boys in the ottoman empire

Safavid Empire

capital -> Esfahan

Shah Abbas

shiah islam

shah abbas

leader of the safavid empire

hinduism

a religion

Mughal Empire

Agra and Delhi

Babur

Akbar

sunni islam

Babur

the founder of the Muhgal empire

won a battle using gunpowder

Akbar

the grandson of Babur, expanded the empire, established a centralized administration, and promoted religious tolerance and cultural unity.

hinduism

a religion originated in india following 5 core beliefs

millets

a system within the ottoman empire where non-muslim religious minorities were granted legal autonomy to govern their own internal communal affairs

Taj Mahal

built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife

silk road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

calligraphy

-Considered one of the most important forms of Islamic art.

-was used to decorate mosques, buildings, manuscripts, and objects.

algebra

had lots of advances made on it by mathmeticians in arabia

Arabesque architect

Decorative designs featuring repeating plants, leaves, vines, and flowers.

Used extensively in architecture and artwork.

Often combined with calligraphy and geometric patterns.

Medical Achievments

medicine, hospitals, steralization

astronomy achievements

Improved navigation, calendars, timekeeping, and understanding of the heavens.

liturature achievements

- The House of Wisdom

-the Thousand and One Nights/ arabian nights

Shah jahan

leader of the moghul empire. he built the taj mahal for his wife

nur jahan

one of jahanguirs wives and the emperess of the moghul empire

jahangir

akabars son and a leader of the moghul empire. he is known for the chain of justice

philosophy achievments

scholars translated important works from greek, persian, and indian languages into arabic. house of wisdom

the trip muhammad took from mecca to medina is called

the hijra

the succecors of muhammad

caliphs

where did the umayeds move their capital to

damascus

the calphet that moved to baghdad

abasid

name of learning organization

house of wisdom

gunpowder empires

ottoman, mogul, safadin

what empire took insanbul

ottoman

elite military made from christian boys

janesaries

what islam was ottoman

sunni

what islam was safadan

shiah

what islam was mogul

sunni

famouse mosque in jerusalem with a golden dome

dome of the rock

islamic art style using geometric and flower styles

arabesque

mugal building that is very famous

taj mahal

decorative style of writing

caligraphy

mathmatical stystem 0-9

arabic numerals

types of math they made better

geometry, trig, alregbra

al sufi created a catalog of

stars

ulabeg was famous for

astronomy

collection of famous stories

1001 / arabian nights

characters from stories

aladin, ali baba

famous islamic poet

rumi

what language is important during golden age

arabic

Al-Khwarizmi

Mathematician who developed important methods for solving algebraic equations and helped spread the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (0-9).

Al-Battani

Abbasid-era astronomer who made very accurate measurements of the length of the year and improved calculations of Earth's orbit and seasons.

Ulugh Beg

Timurid ruler and astronomer who built a major observatory at Samarkand and created a star catalog with the positions of over 1,000 stars.

Calligraphy

Beautiful decorative Arabic writing used on mosques, buildings, manuscripts, and objects. Quran verses were often used in calligraphy.

Geometric Patterns

Complex designs using circles, squares, stars, and polygons that often appeared to repeat forever.

Arabesque

Decorative patterns made from repeating plants, leaves, vines, and flowers.

Minaret

A tall tower attached to or near a mosque, traditionally used for the call to prayer.

Dome of the Rock

A famous Islamic shrine located in Jerusalem, known for its large golden dome.

Bimaristan

An organized hospital in Muslim societies that treated patients and provided places for doctors to teach students.

Al-Razi (Rhazes)

Physician who clearly distinguished between smallpox and measles and made important contributions to medicine.

Al-Zahrawi

Surgery

Al-Tasrif

Tools for surgery

House of Wisdom

A major center of learning in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate where scholars translated and studied works from Greek, Persian, Indian, and other cultures.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic empire whose capital was Baghdad and which became an important center of learning, science, medicine, and culture.

Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

A famous story traditionally associated with The Thousand and One Nights.

Sinbad the Sailor

A famous character who goes on exciting voyages and adventures in The Thousand and One Nights.

Suleymaniye Mosque

A famous Ottoman mosque in Istanbul known for its large dome and beautiful Islamic architecture.