(12) social psych

the universal behaviors that define our human nature arise from where

our biological similarities

define natural selection

the evolutionary process by which the best traits are passed down so people survive and reproduce

define evolutionary psychology

the study of evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

true or false: we fear what is more immediate and suddan than gradual harms

true

what is one of the most researched areas of the nature vs nurture debate

gender differences

define sex

a term that refers to males and females as two biological categories based on chromosomes, genitals, and secondary sex characteristics

define gender

characteristics people associate with males and females that can be rooted in biology, culture, or both

define transgender

those whose psychological sense of being male or female differs from their birth sex

what percent of americans are transgender

0.4%

which gender has a stronger sex drive

men

what do women (unconsciously) look for in men

signs of resources and commitment

what do men (unconsciously) look for in women

signs of youth, health, and fertility

true or false: men can detect clues (like behaviors and scents) that nudge at a women’s ovulation

true

define testosterone

a hormone in males linked to dominance and aggression

what does the y chromosome do

directs formation of testicles which secretes testosterone

what problems do critics see with evolutionary explanations

they employ hindsight

true or false: critics contend that our common evolutionary heritage predict the enormous cultural variation of humans by itself

true

what is something that evolutionary explanations don’t explain

cultural changes in behavior patterns overtime

what is the most significant trait that nature gave us

the capacity to adapt

does evolution = genetic determinism?

no

define culture

the enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions shared by large groups of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

“gene expression depends on the environment…”

which culture provides

what does the cultural perspective highlight

human adaptability

what does the diversity of our language, customs, and expressive behavior confirm

that our behavior is socially programmed, not hardwired

define norms

standards for accepted and expected behavior

what is a way to learn more about both your norms and others

to step out of your culture and into another

when does social behavior occur smoothly

when we know what to expect

what are societies with stronger norms for behaviors more likely to have

threats like territorial conflict and resource scarcity

what do cultures vary in (4)

expressiveness, punctuality, rule breaking, and personal space

how do cultures vary in individual choice

individualist versus collectivist societies

how do cultures vary in punctuality

you may seem under or overconcerned about time based on their values

how do (collectivist) cultures vary in rule-breaking

traditional cultures are more likely to stigmatize those who act differently

true or false: people in korea are more likely to avoid people who are vegitarian because it’s a choice against the norm

true

true or false: collectivist cultures promote the belief that human suffering is caused by the violation of social norms

true

define personal space

a portable bubble that people like to maintain between themselves and others

when does your personal space bubble change

as situations and relationships change

who maintains more separation when it comes to personal space

adults, men, and cultures near the equator

what are the three things that both men and women desire (in relationships)

kindness, love, and mutual attraction

what are the most valued traits in a friendship

honesty, fairness, kindness, good judgement, and curiousity

how do people tend to talk to higher-status people

in the same respectful way they talk to strangers

how do people talk to the lower-class people

in more familiar/friendly ways

define gender roles

a set of behavior expectations for males and females

what did wood and eagly discover about culture and gender (biological demands)

that culture reinforces gender roles that may have originated with biological demands