CANFITPRO Condensed Study Notes

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering skeletal anatomy, joint actions, planes of movement, muscular anatomy, neurophysiology, joint complexes, and flexibility concepts.

Articulation

A joint or meeting point between bones.

Axial skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of 80 bones, comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of 126 bones, comprising the limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

Sesamoid bones

Bones that develop within tendons, such as the patella.

Synovial joints

Joints featuring a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; generally the most freely movable joints in the body.

Anatomical position

The standard reference position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and feet forward.

Supine

Lying face up.

Prone

Lying face down.

Sagittal plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into left and right halves; associated with flexion, extension, and forward/backward movements.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into front and back halves; associated with abduction, adduction, and side-to-side movements.

Transverse plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves; associated with rotation and twisting movements.

Circumduction

A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Dorsiflexion

Joint movement where the toes move toward the shin.

Plantar flexion

Joint movement where the foot points downward.

Inversion

Joint movement where the sole of the foot turns inward.

Eversion

Joint movement where the sole of the foot turns outward.

Lumbosacral joint

The articulation where the L5 vertebra meets the sacrum.

Neutral spine

A person's appropriate spinal alignment for the specific task and load; not a perfectly straight or rigid spine.

Sciatica

Symptoms associated with the irritation or compression of neural structures, often involving pain traveling down the leg; not a diagnosis of a single cause.

Myology

The study of muscle and the muscular system.

Excitability

The muscle tissue characteristic of responding to a stimulus.

Contractility

The muscle tissue characteristic of developing tension and shortening.

Extensibility

The ability of muscle tissue to lengthen without being damaged under normal conditions.

Elasticity (tissue property)

The tendency of tissue to return toward its resting length after being stretched or deformed.

Epimysium

The connective tissue sheath surrounding the whole muscle.

Perimysium

The connective tissue surrounding a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibres).

Endomysium

The connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fibre.

Sarcolemma

The muscle fibre's cell membrane; not a connective-tissue sheath.

Sliding filament theory

The model of muscle contraction wherein myosin heads pull actin filaments past one another to shorten the sarcomere without the filaments themselves shrinking.

Concentric contraction

A muscle action where the muscle shortens while producing tension.

Eccentric contraction

A muscle action where the muscle lengthens while producing tension.

Isometric contraction

A muscle action producing tension with no appreciable change in muscle length or joint angle.

Motor unit

A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it controls.

All-or-none principle

The principle stating that when a motor neuron fires, all the muscle fibres within that motor unit respond.

The size principle

The pattern during increasing force demands where smaller, low-threshold motor units are generally recruited before larger, high-threshold units.

Muscle spindle

A proprioceptor that detects muscle length and changes in stretch, contributing to stretch reflexes and movement control.

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A proprioceptor that detects tension and force in the muscle-tendon unit, contributing to sensory feedback and regulation of muscle activity.

Type I muscle fibres

Slow-twitch fibres that contract slower, resist fatigue, possess higher oxidative capacity and mitochondria, and support endurance activities.

Type II muscle fibres

Fast-twitch fibres that contract faster, have higher force/power potential, fatigue faster, and rely more on anaerobic energy.

Kinesiology

The study of human movement.

Origin

The muscle attachment usually described as the relatively stationary end.

Insertion

The muscle attachment usually described as the more movable end.

Agonist (prime mover)

The main muscle responsible for producing a given action.

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes a specific action.

Glenohumeral joint

The ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula, characterized by a large range of motion and relatively low bony stability.

Rotator cuff (SITS)

The group of muscles that stabilize the humeral head in the shoulder socket: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A knee ligament that limits anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur and contributes to rotational stability.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A knee ligament that limits posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

A knee ligament that resists valgus stress (knee pushed inward).

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

A knee ligament that resists varus stress (knee pushed outward).

Multifidus

A deep spinal muscle that provides segmental spinal control/stability and contributes to extension and rotation.

Transversus abdominis (TVA)

A deep abdominal muscle layer that helps brace and control the trunk.

Anterior pelvic tilt

Pelvic position where the front of the pelvis tips downward, which may increase lumbar curvature.

Posterior pelvic tilt

Pelvic position where the front of the pelvis tips upward, which may flatten lumbar curvature.

Isotonic exercise

Dynamic resistance exercise involving concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

Isokinetic exercise

Exercise utilizing specialized equipment that controls movement speed and accommodates force throughout the range.

Flexibility

The available range of motion (ROM) at a joint, influenced by tissues and other factors.

Mobility

The ability to move through a range of motion, often including active control.

Reciprocal inhibition

A neural mechanism where the activation of an agonist is associated with reduced activation of the antagonist.

Fascia

Connective tissue that surrounds, separates, and connects structures, supports sensory feedback, and transmits forces between tissues.

Plasticity

A lasting change in resting length or shape after sustained deformation or adaptation.

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

The range of motion achieved when a client moves a joint independently using their own muscles.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

The range of motion achieved when an external force moves a relaxed client's joint.

Beighton score

A screening tool used to assess generalized joint hypermobility.

Sprain

An injury to a ligament.

Static stretching

A stretching method where a person moves into a lengthened position and holds, commonly for about 15–30 seconds.

Dynamic stretching

A stretching method involving controlled, repeated movement through a range of motion; commonly used during warm-ups.

Kinesiophobia

Fear of movement.

Catastrophizing

Interpreting symptoms as evidence of severe or inevitable harm.

what are the functions of bones

support, allow movement, protect viral organs, mineral deposit storage, red blood cell formation, store energy in form of day in yellow bone marrow

4 types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

3 classifications of joints

fibrous - connect bones to one another, little to no movement eg. skull, pelvis

cartilaginous - bones separated by cartilage, little to no movement eg. ribs, sternum

synovial - more movement allowed

6 types of synovial joints

gliding - minimal movement in one plane eg. wrists/ankles

pivot - rotation along axis eg. elbow

hinge - movement in one direction/plane eg. elbow/knee

condyloid - movement in 2 directions/planes eg. knuckles/wrist/ankle

saddle - movement in several directions greater than condyloid eg. thumb

ball and socket - 3 directions/planes eg. shoulder/hip

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal - attached to bones

cardiac - heart

smooth - walls of hollow organs

rotator cuff = SITS which stands for

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

stabilizing muscles are composed of mainly

slow twitch fibers

what is the core four on the floor

self stretch program that can be started with all clients with restricted mobility/decreased ROM

what are the core four movements

glutes, quadratus lumborum, hip flexors, latissimus dorsi

open kinetic chain vs closed

hand/foot free to move vs not free

4 core skills used in motivational interviewing

opened ended questions

affirmation

reflective listening

summarizing

outcome vs process goals

outcome goals focus on outcome/result

process goals focus on behaviour changes that need to occur to reach those goals

4 factors that preexercise screening accomplishes

fulfill legal responsibilities

identify need to refer clients to professionals

understand clients better and establish communication

identify areas of strength/weakness/injury

3 passive assessments + benefit of each

postural - muscle imbalances due to tightness/weakness

cardiovascular - understand cardiac risk

body composition - a popular client goal

plumb line

anatomical reference - in middle of the body in all planes - central axis

5 point postural assessment

ankles and feet

knees

hips and pelvis

shoulders

head and neck

3 primary movement quality/active flexibility assessments

squat

wall slide

front plank with shoulder tap

4 secondary movement quality assessments

split squat

shoulder mobility

straight leg raise AROM vs PROM for hamstrings

knee to walk ankle mobility