1. Zh Társadalom ismeret - Study Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the Social Science (Társadalomismeret) exam review guide, covering foundational definitions, disciplinary branches, methodological concepts, cognitive biases, and key social psychology experiments.

Tudomány (Science)

A logico-empirical endeavor to understand the world, structured as a systematic system of human knowledge built on verified facts.

Three Criteria of Science (Tudomány 3 ismérve)

Theory (elmélet), history (történet), and methodology (módszertan).

Law of Demand and Supply (Kereslet és kínálat törvénye)

An abstract theoretical model stating that if a product's price increases, demand for it decreases while supply increases.

Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Capital Forms

A social stratification theory explaining why inequalities are inherited across generations through different forms of capital.

Pedagógia (Pedagogy)

A complex science dealing with the theory and practice of upbringing and education, aimed at personality development.

Etnográfia (Ethnography)

A scientific discipline that researches the everyday life, cultures, and traditions of human communities and societies.

Urbanisztika (Urbanism)

A scientific field concerned with the planning and development of urban areas and regions.

Victimológia (Victimology)

A field of study focused on the victim, the process of victimization, and its underlying causes.

Kriminológia (Criminology)

A science dealing with the personality of the offender and the causes of crime commission.

Etológia (Ethology)

A branch of biology dealing with the behavior of animals.

Tudományos paradigma (Scientific Paradigm)

The scientific framework of a given era, consisting of a closed, coherent system of basic principles, views, values, beliefs, and research methods accepted by a scientific community.

Tudományos paradigmaváltás (Scientific Paradigm Shift)

A fundamental shift in scientific perspective where an established theoretical framework is replaced by a new one because it can no longer explain newly discovered phenomena.

Frenológia (Phrenology)

Craniology; examining the structure of a person's skull to determine their personality traits and character.

Empíria (Empiricism)

Experience and observation that serve as the primary anchor for scientific inquiry, rational decision-making, and understanding reality.

Induktív logika (Inductive Logic)

A reasoning procedure that moves from specific individual observations, facts, or patterns toward general laws and conclusions.

Heurisztikus gondolkodás (Heuristic Thinking)

A fast, experience-based problem-solving and decision-making method that uses rules of thumb (ökölszabályok) rather than precise logical algorithms.

Lehorgonyzási heurisztika (Anchoring Heuristic)

A cognitive bias where decision-makers place excessive reliance on a single initial piece of information and base subsequent estimates or decisions relative to it.

Natural Science in a Legal Sense (Természettudomány)

Objective physical, chemical, or biological relationships (such as gravity) that humans cannot create and cannot break legally.

Social Science in a Legal Sense (Társadalomtudomány)

Rules of conduct created by human will whose fundamental characteristic is that they can be broken, leading to sanctions established by the legal system.

Finszter Géza's Law Enforcement Myths

Five myths regarding law enforcement: physical coercion/legal application only, totalitarian order as ideal security, law enforcement equals crime fighting, solitude of law enforcement science, and service police vs. authority rigor.

Episztemé (Episteme)

True, certain, verified, irrefutable, and unchangeable scientific knowledge based on reason and logic (e.g., mathematical truths).

Doxa

Variable opinion, conjecture, appearance, or belief that is constantly changing, unstable, and situation-dependent (e.g., weather).

Mesterség (Craft / Trade)

Practical, flexible routines and tricks learned empirically from older colleagues, based on intuitive solutions and unwritten organizational rules.

Professzió (Profession)

Academic-level training and research grounded in scientific principles, structured theoretical models, evidence-based methods, and high personal discretion with accountability.

Stanfordi börtönkísérlet 1971 (Stanford Prison Experiment)

A 1971 experiment involving university students in a mock prison, demonstrating how quickly assigned roles and power cause individuals to resort to brutality or passivity.

Asch-féle konformitásvizsgálat 1951 (Asch Conformity Experiment)

A 1951 study by Solom Asch on group conformity measuring line lengths, showing that participants gave incorrect answers when the majority deliberately did so.

Robbers Cave-i kísérlet 1954 (Robbers Cave Experiment)

A 1954 study by Muzafer Sherif showing that rivalry and prejudice between groups of boys at a camp could be alleviated by achieving common goals.

Milgram kísérlet 1961 (Milgram Experiment)

A 1961 study examining obedience to authority, where participants believed they were administering painful electric shocks to another person upon order.

Mélyinterjú (In-depth Interview)

An individual, conversational qualitative data collection method aimed at exploring a respondent's inner perspective, life story, or expert opinion.

Fókuszcsoport (Focus Group)

A qualitative group interview generally composed of 6–12 participants discussing a topic under a moderator to surface unexpressed collective opinions.

Esettanulmány (Case Study)

An in-depth, multifaceted investigation of a specific person, group, organization, or event combining multiple data sources.

Likert-skála (Likert Scale)

A survey rating scale that measures a respondent's level of agreement with a given statement on a scale from 1 to 5.

Szemantikus differenciál (Semantic Differential)

A survey measurement scale placed between opposite adjectives.

Keresztmetszeti kutatás (Cross-sectional Research)

An observational study where data is collected from a population or sample at a single point in time to compare groups or measure prevalence.

Longitudinális kutatás (Longitudinal Research)

A research method where the same subjects or groups are repeatedly observed and measured over an extended period at multiple time points.

Hólabda mintavétel (Snowball Sampling)

A non-probability sampling procedure used to research hidden or hard-to-reach populations lacking public directories, relying on initial participants' social networks.

Kísérlet módszere (Experimental Method)

A scientific procedure where a researcher systematically manipulates independent variables to measure dependent variables and test cause-and-effect relationships.