Investigation 3: Chemical Bonding - Enriched Chemistry

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to form bonds so that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell.

Ionic Bond

An electrostatic attraction that holds oppositely charged ions together, valence electrons are transferred (forms between a metal and a nonmetal)

Ionic Compound

An electrically neutral compound made of cations and anions

Crystal Lattice

An orderly repeating three-dimensional pattern of many ions, atoms, or molecules.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms (formed between nonmetals)

Molecule

A neutral group of atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds

Single Covalent Bond

A bond made by one shared pair of electrons

Double Covalent Bond

A bond made by two shared pairs of electrons

Triple Covalent Bond

A bond made by three pairs of shared electrons

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is a compound

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond in which the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond in which the electrons are shared equally

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory

Bonding pairs of electrons and unshared valence electron pairs repel each other as far away as possible to minimize the electrostatic repulsion between them; these repulsions result in specific three-dimensional shapes

Polyatomic Ions

A group of atoms that has a charge (can be a part of an ionic compound)

Stronger Bonds =

Higher Melting Point

Many ionic compound are _______ in water

soluble

Ionic compounds __________ electricity when dissolved in water

conduct

Solid ionic compounds __________ electricity

do NOT conduct

Lone Pairs (Nonbonding Pairs)

Pairs of electrons that are NOT involved with bonding

Octet Exceptions

Sulfur (S), Boron (B), Beryllium (Be), and Hydrogen (H)

Resonance occurs when

more than one equivalent Lewis structure can be drawn for a particular molecule

Metallic Bond

Attraction between free-moving valence electrons and positively charged metal cations (forms in pure metals or alloys (mixtures of metals) and the valence electrons are delocalized (free-moving), forming a "sea of electrons“)