Biology Lab 2 (Benedict's and Iodine Test)

Functional groups

Clusters of atoms attached to large molecules that influence the interaction between part of molecule and other part of the same molecule

Reduction

Chemical reaction of an atom gaining one or more electrons

Polymers

Any long-chain molecules made of regular and repeating subunits

Dehydration Synthesis

Chemical reaction that joins 2 repeating subunits together into a long chain

Organic Molecules

Describe molecules made of carbon and hydrogens

Monomers

Regular and repeating subunits that bond together to form long-chain molecules

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction that breaks bond in a long chain to remove repeating subunits from the long chain

Oxidation

Chemical reaction that causes atoms to lose one or more electrons

Diabetes mellitus

The human condition that results in inability of cells to produce glucose, excess glucose in urine

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that have more 10 subunits together to form long-chain molecule

What type of bond forms between polar molecules like water?

Hydrogen bonds

Which functional group makes carbohydrates polar?

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Which reaction builds polymers from monomers?

Dehydration synthesis

What reaction breaks polymers into monomers?

Hydrolysis

What does OIL RIG mean?

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (electrons)

What sugar makes reducing sugar?

Aldehyde group

What color changes represent reducing sugars in Benedict’s test?

Blue (no sugar), green (small amounts of sugars), yellow (low sugar) orange (moderate sugar), orange red (sugars present), red (Extreme high amounts)

What does iodine detect?

Starch (amylose)

What colors indicate positive starch in iodine test?

dark blue, blue-black, or purple-black

What colors indicate negative starch in iodine test?

yellowish-brown

What is the type of reaction is occurring in the presence of amylase?

Hydrolysis: amylase ( an enzyme) uses water to break down bonds in the starch polymer. It is reduced into smaller carbohydrates, eventually glucose

What molecule is interacting with the nerves to create a thought of sweet taste?

Simple glucose, sugars binding to sweet receptors on taste buds

Why does it happen without amylase?

Amylase is an enzyme catalyst that speeds up the breakdown of starch into smaller sugar molecules, causing starch to not taste sweet

A student digests a cracker with saliva for three minutes before testing. Which outcome is expected when comparing the chewed cracker to an unchewed cracker?

Chewed cracker shows higher reducing sugar levels and decreased starch