Anatomy and Physiology Competition Syllabus: Respiratory, Digestive, and Immune Systems

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering all competition guidelines, topics, and disease limits across the Respiratory, Digestive, and Immune systems for Regional, State, and National levels.

How may the Anatomy and Physiology competition event be administered?

It may be administered as a written test or as a series of lab-practical stations, which can include experiments, scientific apparatus, models, illustrations, specimens, data collection and analysis, and problems for students to solve.

What key mechanics and principles must students understand regarding breathing?

Inspiratory and expiratory mechanics, pressure gradients, lung compliance, elastic recoil, and airway resistance.

Which anatomical segments of the respiratory tract must be compared and contrasted based on their walls?

The pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

What diagnostic and quantitative breathing measures must students be able to interpret in the Respiratory System section?

Lung volumes and capacities, spirometry, flow-volume loops, and the differentiation of obstructive versus restrictive patterns.

Which respiratory disorders are included at the general competition level?

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and sleep apnea.

At the State & National level, what topics are covered under the regulation and control of respiration?

Respiratory centers, chemoreceptors, blood chemistry, and respiratory rhythm.

Which forms of pneumoconiosis are students expected to understand at the State & National level?

Silicosis, coal worker's lung, and asbestosis.

What additional respiratory diseases or disorders are tested exclusively at the National level?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypoplasia, small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.

What two spatial relationship classifications of abdominal organs must be distinguished in the Digestive System section?

Intra-peritoneal organs and retro-peritoneal organs.

What accessory organs of digestion are specifically listed for basic anatomical understanding?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Which segments of the alimentary tract must have their epithelial linings compared and contrasted?

The esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

What conditions are specifically included under the spectrum of diverticular disease?

Diverticulosis, complicated and uncomplicated diverticulitis, symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis, and smoldering diverticulitis.

Which general digestive system diseases and disorders must students understand (excluding diverticular variants)?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, lactose intolerance, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and appendicitis.

At the State & National level, what specific toxins are evaluated for their effects on the liver and pancreas?

Acetaminophen, anabolic steroids, alcohol, heavy metals, bisphenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls.

Which digestive cancers are specified at the State & National level?

Colorectal, gastric, and hepatic cancers.

Which motility disorders of the digestive system are tested exclusively at the National level?

Achalasia and Hirschsprung disease.

Which cholecystitis and biliary system disorders are tested exclusively at the National level?

Choledocholithiasis, ascending cholangitis, Mirizzi syndrome, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, Gilbert syndrome, and Crigler-Najjar syndrome.

What organs and structures are identified for the anatomy and functions of the immune system?

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin.

What components and processes are listed under the anatomy and physiology of the innate immune system?

Anatomical barriers, antimicrobial proteins, complement system, Toll-like receptors, inflammation, fever, and innate immune cells.

What processes must be understood regarding B and T cells in the adaptive immune system?

Antigen recognition, maturation, selection, tolerance, antigen presentation, activation, and memory.

What are the $5$ human immunoglobulin classes whose general structure and roles must be compared?

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

Which acquired and genetic immunodeficiencies are included at the general competition level?

HIV/AIDS, common variable immunodeficiency, and severe combined immunodeficiency.

Which autoimmune diseases are tested at the general competition level?

Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves' Disease, and Sjogren's syndrome.

What specific conditions are listed under type I-IV hypersensitivities at the general competition level?

Asthma, anaphylaxis, urticaria, myasthenia gravis, Arthus reaction, serum sickness, contact dermatitis, and celiac disease.

Which immune signaling pathways and molecules are specifically highlighted for the State & National level?

Cytokines, interferons, the JAK-STAT pathway, and the cGAS-STING pathway.

What mechanisms of organ transplant rejection must students understand at the State & National level?

Hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection.

Which genetic immunodeficiencies are specifically added at the State & National level?

DiGeorge's syndrome, Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, Job's syndrome, Bloom's syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, and MHC class I and class II deficiency.

Which additional autoimmune and systemic disorders are introduced at the State & National level under the Immune System?

Type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and erythroblastosis fetalis.