final final m4 pharmaco

What are the components of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and all nerve tissues.

What is the main purpose of the nervous system?

To receive stimuli, transmit information to nerve centers, and produce an appropriate response.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What is the function of the CNS?

Interprets information from the PNS and sends instructions back for appropriate body responses.

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.

What does the Somatic Nervous System control?

Voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

Involuntary functions of the heart, lungs, GI tract, bladder, eyes, and glands.

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS).

What is another name for the ANS?

Visceral Nervous System.

What is an afferent neuron?

Sensory neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS.

What is an efferent neuron?

Motor neuron that carries impulses away from the CNS toward an effector organ.

What is another name for the Sympathetic Nervous System?

Adrenergic System.

What is another name for the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Cholinergic System.

What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic system?

Norepinephrine.

What neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic system?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What are the four adrenergic receptors?

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, and Beta-2.

What are the two cholinergic receptors?

Nicotinic and Muscarinic.

What does SNS stimulation do to the pupils?

Dilates pupils (mydriasis).

What does PNS stimulation do to the pupils?

Constricts pupils (miosis).

What does SNS stimulation do to the lungs?

Bronchodilation.

What does PNS stimulation do to the lungs?

Bronchoconstriction and increased secretions.

What does SNS stimulation do to heart rate?

Increases heart rate.

What does PNS stimulation do to heart rate?

Decreases heart rate.

What does SNS stimulation do to GI activity?

Decreases GI motility.

What does PNS stimulation do to GI activity?

Increases peristalsis and digestion.

What does SNS stimulation do to the bladder?

Relaxes bladder muscle to promote urine storage.

What does PNS stimulation do to the bladder?

Contracts bladder muscle to promote urination.

What are adrenergic agonists?

Drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors and mimic sympathetic activity.

What is another name for adrenergic agonists?

Sympathomimetics.

What are adrenergic antagonists?

Drugs that block adrenergic receptors and reduce sympathetic responses.

What is another name for adrenergic antagonists?

Sympatholytics or adrenergic blockers.

What is an agonist?

A substance that activates a receptor to produce a response.

What is an antagonist?

A substance that blocks a receptor and prevents or reduces a response.

What does Alpha-1 stimulation cause?

Vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, pupil dilation, and bladder neck/prostate contraction.

What does Alpha-2 stimulation cause?

Inhibition of norepinephrine release and decreased sympathetic activity.

What does Beta-1 stimulation cause?

Increased heart rate, cardiac contractility, and renin secretion.

What does Beta-2 stimulation cause?

Bronchodilation, uterine relaxation, decreased GI motility, and increased blood glucose.

What is mydriasis?

Pupil dilation.

What is miosis?

Pupil constriction.

What is vasoconstriction?

Narrowing of blood vessels.

What is vasodilation?

Widening of blood vessels.

What is bronchodilation?

Widening of the airways.

What is bronchoconstriction?

Narrowing of the airways.

What is glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.

What are the three types of sympathomimetic drugs?

Direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed-acting.

What is a direct-acting sympathomimetic?

Directly stimulates adrenergic receptors.

What is an indirect-acting sympathomimetic?

Promotes norepinephrine release or availability.

What is a mixed-acting sympathomimetic?

Directly stimulates receptors and promotes norepinephrine release.

What are endogenous catecholamines?

Naturally produced epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

What are examples of catecholamine drugs?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, and dobutamine.

What are examples of noncatecholamine drugs?

Phenylephrine, albuterol, and metaproterenol.

What is the main difference between catecholamines and noncatecholamines?

Catecholamines contain a catechol structure; noncatecholamines do not.

What is epinephrine?

An adrenergic agonist that stimulates Alpha-1, Beta-1, and Beta-2 receptors.

What are the main uses of epinephrine?

Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe bronchospasm.

Why is epinephrine used for anaphylaxis?

Causes vasoconstriction, supports blood pressure, and produces bronchodilation.

What does epinephrine do to the heart?

Increases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output.

What does epinephrine do to the lungs?

Causes bronchodilation.

What are common adverse effects of epinephrine?

Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, restlessness, dizziness, nausea, and dysrhythmias.

Why is ECG monitoring important with high-dose epinephrine?

It can cause cardiac dysrhythmias.

What is pseudoephedrine?

A sympathomimetic decongestant that promotes norepinephrine release.

What is the main use of pseudoephedrine?

Relief of nasal and sinus congestion.

Why is pseudoephedrine controlled?

It can be diverted for illegal production of amphetamine-type drugs.

What is albuterol?

A selective Beta-2 adrenergic agonist.

What is the main use of albuterol?

Relief of bronchospasm in asthma and other respiratory conditions.

How does albuterol work?

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation.

What are common side effects of albuterol?

Tremors, nervousness, and restlessness.

Why can high doses of albuterol increase heart rate?

It may also stimulate Beta-1 receptors.

What is dobutamine?

A primarily Beta-1 agonist that increases cardiac contractility.

What is norepinephrine used for?

Severe hypotension and certain types of shock.

What is midodrine used for?

Orthostatic hypotension.

What is phenylephrine?

A primarily Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist.

What is phenylephrine used for?

Nasal congestion and selected cases of hypotension.

What is methyldopa?

A centrally acting Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist.

What is methyldopa used for?

Hypertension, including hypertension during pregnancy when prescribed.

What are common side effects of methyldopa?

Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, bradycardia, constipation, and edema.

What are examples of central-acting Alpha-2 agonists?

Clonidine, methyldopa, and guanfacine.

What is clonidine used for?

Hypertension and other prescribed conditions.

What are common side effects of clonidine?

Bradycardia, hypotension, sedation, and dry mouth.

Why should clonidine not be stopped abruptly?

It can cause rebound hypertension.

What are adrenergic antagonists?

Drugs that block adrenergic receptors or reduce sympathetic neurotransmitter release.

What happens when Alpha-1 receptors are blocked?

Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

What happens when Beta-1 receptors are blocked?

Decreased heart rate and cardiac contractility.

What happens when Beta-2 receptors are blocked?

Bronchoconstriction may occur.

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A drop in blood pressure when standing.

What is BPH?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, or noncancerous enlargement of the prostate.

How do Alpha-1 blockers help BPH?

Relax the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow.

What are examples of Alpha-1 blockers?

Prazosin, doxazosin, and terazosin.

What are beta blockers?

Drugs that block Beta receptors, decreasing heart rate and blood pressure.

What are examples of nonselective beta blockers?

Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, sotalol, and timolol.

What are examples of selective Beta-1 blockers?

Metoprolol, atenolol, acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, and esmolol.

Why are nonselective beta blockers a concern in asthma?

They can block Beta-2 receptors and cause bronchoconstriction.

Why should beta blockers not be stopped abruptly?

They can cause rebound tachycardia, hypertension, or angina.

What is atenolol?

A selective Beta-1 blocker.

How does atenolol lower blood pressure?

Decreases heart rate, cardiac contractility, cardiac output, and renin release.

What are common adverse effects of atenolol?

Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, cold extremities, and possible bronchospasm.

What is reserpine?

An adrenergic neuron antagonist that reduces norepinephrine availability.

What is a serious adverse effect of reserpine?

Depression, which can be severe.

What are cholinergic agonists?

Drugs that stimulate cholinergic receptors and mimic acetylcholine.

What is another name for cholinergic agonists?

Parasympathomimetics.

What is a direct-acting cholinergic agonist?

A drug that directly activates cholinergic receptors.