Unit 1 - AP PSYCH

Unit 2 in Class. (Add 2.3 (Slide 12+)-2.9 Notes and the Drug Notes)

A […] is the basic building block of the nervous system.

Neuron

What are the parts of a neuron in order of communication?

1. Dendrites

2. Cell Body

3. Axon

4. Myelin Sheath

5. Terminal Branches

A […] is the electrical signal that travels down the axon.

Neural Impulse

The […] contains the nucleus and acts as the cell’s life-support center.

Cell Body (Soma)

The […] are the branching extensions that receive messages from other neurons.

Dendrites

The […] is attached to the soma and passes electrical messages from the cell body to the terminals.

Axon

The […] is the fatty tissue layer that encases the axon; increases transmissions speed and provides insulation.

Myelin Sheath

If one has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis due to their motor impairments, they likely have a…

A. Deteriorated myelin sheath.

The […] are the ends of the axon that hold synaptic vesicles storing neurotransmitters.

Terminal Branches

The […] are the cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons that also help learning, thinking, and memory.

Glial Cells

A […] is the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Synapse

[…] are the chemical messengers that travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron.

Neurotransmitters

Before a neuron fires, it is considered to be at […]

Resting Potential

During resting potential, at what state are the positive and negative ions?

The positive ions are on the outside with the negative ions on the inside of the cell.

A neural impulse is generated when…

The combined received chemical signals exceed a minimum threshold.

A […] is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Threshold

What does the all-or-none response entail?

More stimulation does not produce a more intense neural transmission. Neural firing will happen at full response or not at all.

The […] causes trigger action.

Excitatory Signal

The […] causes depress action.

Inhibitory Signal

Due to the fact an axon membrane is selectively permeable…

The membrane contains voltage gated ion channels that open or close for ion exchange.

[…] is the brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Action Potential (Neural Impulse, Depolarization)

[…] is when the inside of the neuron is negatively charged in comparison to the outside.

Polarization (Resting Potential)

[…] is when the electrical charge of a cell moves towards zero.

Depolarization (Action Potential)

What are the steps in action potential?

1. Resting Potential

2. Depolarization

3. Repolarization

4. Hyper Polarization

When the Na⁺ ions try to balance the charge, this is called…

Depolarization

When the gates open in the first part of the axon and K⁺ ions flow out, this is called…

Repolarization

After the action potential moves to the end of the neuron, this causes the…

Refractory Period

The period right after action potential that cannot cause another to occur is called the…

Absolute Refractory Period

The period following an absolute refractory period when a neuron will only respond to a stronger impulse is called the…

Relative Refractory Period

How a neuron communicates with another neuron is called […]

Synaptic Transmission

What are the steps of neurons communcating with other neurons?

1. Action Potential opens the vesicle.

2. The neurotransmitter is released into synapse.

3. The neurotransmitter locks onto the receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane.

4. The receptor site opens and allows positive ions to enter the dendrite.

5. Action potential is triggered.

When an excitatory message is sent…

The likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate increases.

When an inhibitory message is sent…

The likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate decreases.

When a drug fits the receptor poorly and blocks the neurotransmitter, this is called an […]

Antagonist

When a drug fits the receptor well and acts like a neurotransmitter, this is called an […]

Agonist

[…] is the neurotransmitter found in neuromuscular junctions, involved in muscle movements, and involved in learning and memory.

Acetylcholine

When someone undergoes paralysis due to something like nerve gases or Black Widow spider venom, this is a sign of…

Disrupted Acetylcholine Functioning

The nicotine and cigarettes mimics […] and artificially stimulate skeletal muscles which lead to trembling movements.

ACh (Acetylcholine)

The symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease (the deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language skills) are due to…

Loss of ACh neurons.

[…] is involved in mood, hunger, sleep, and depression.

Serotonin

[…] keeps serotonin in the synapse longer, which gives it more time to exert an effect.

Prozac

[…] is when a nerve cell reabsorbs a chemical messenger.

Re-uptake

[…] is the neurotransmitter responsible for arousal and the “fight or flight” response.

Norepinephrine

[…] is the neurotransmitter involved in movement, attention, and learning.

Dopamine

If a person is diagnosed with schizophrenia and requires treatment…

• What is the cause?

• What is the likely prescription they will be given?

• Too much dopamine.

• Thorazine to block the immense amounts of dopamine.

If someone has difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements, tremors at rest, stooped posture, rigidity, and poor balance — then is diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease…

• What is the cause?

• What are the treatments?

• The results are from a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.

• Treatments are things like L-dopa, transplants of fetal dopamine-producing substantia nigra cells, adrenal gland transplants, and electrical stimulation of the thalamus.

[…] control pain and pleasure and are released in response to pain.

Endorphins

Why would morphine and codeine be administered to someone to heal them after acupuncture?

They work on endorphin receptors, supporting and stimulating healing effects.

What is a runner’s high?

The feeling of pleasure after a long run due to the release of endorphins.

[…] is the inhibition of brain activity and influences anxiety.

GABA

If someone drinks alcohol and starts to feel the effects, this is because…

Alcohol mimics GABA.

Someone has symptoms of jerky, involuntary movements and mental deterioration because of Huntington’s disease due to the fact…

B. They have the loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA.

[…] is the major excitatory neurotransmitter where too much (and too little GABA) can be associated with epileptic seizures.

Glutamate

The […] is the speedy, electrochemical communication network that consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Nervous System

[…] are the bundled axons of many neurons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous systems with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Nerves

The three types of neurons are…

• Sensory (afferent)

• Motor (efferent)

• Interneurons

[…] contain afferent nerve fibers and carry information from the sense organs to the CNS.

Sensory Neurons

[…] contain efferent neurons and carry messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands.

Motor Neurons

[…] are any neuron that act as an intermediary in passing signals between two other neurons, are about 20-30% of the brain, and are located in the spinal column.

Interneurons

How is the Nervous System split up?

1. Nervous System
   
   

2. Peripheral

• Autonomic

• Sympathetic

• Parasympathetic

3. Somatic

• Sensory Input

• Motor Output

The […] is made up of the brain and spinal cord, it is responsible for coordinating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The […] is made up of sensory and motor neurons, it connects itself to the CNS and the body by gathering information from the senses and transmitting messages from the CNS

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?

• Somatic

• Autonomic

The […] controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

Somatic (Skeletal Nervous System)

The […] controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs like the heart and operates automatically.

Autonomic Nervous System