APHUG unit 2 STUDY GUIDE

test on THU 10/15

aging population

demographic trend that occurs as the average age of a population rises

pronatalism

programs designed to increase the fertility rate; policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining

agricultural density

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

voluntary migration

movement undertaken by choice

arithmetic density

total number of people divided by the total land area

antinatalism

policy to discourage people from having children and to reduce the fertility rate of a population

boserup theory

argues that population growth is independent of food supply and that population increase is a cause of changes in agriculture

asylum seekers

people who seek refugee status in another country

transnational migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

chain migration

migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community; when migrants move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously

physiological density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land (land suitable for growing crops)

carrying capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time; the population a region can support without significant environmental deterioration

push factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions that stimulate people to move

CBR

total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society

CDR

total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

internally displaced person

a person who flees a situation due to danger that moves to another part of the same country

step migration

a process by which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

ehrlich theory

theory that there will be a disaster for humanity due to overpopulation

pull factors

people choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances

DTM

models how population changes over time

asylum

an offer of protection from a government that protects migrants from danger in their home country

ETM

model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

IMR

total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society

internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

forced migration

human migrations flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate due to environmental, cultural, or political factors; a type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence

transhumance

the movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland area in the winter and highland areas in the summer

interregional migration

permanent movement from one region of a country to another region

guest worker

foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

TFR

the average number of children a women of childbearing years would have in her lifetime

migration

permanent move to a new location

NIR

the difference between the number of births and deaths

malthusian theory

argues that starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

doubling time

the time required for a population to double in size

rule of 70

a way to calculate the doubling time of a population by diving the NIR by 70

neo-malthusians

people who believed in malthusian theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

life expectancy

figure indication how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

ravensteins laws of migration

list of 11 laws about why people migrate and the regularities observed

rural to urban migration

permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area

population pyramids

bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

refugees

people who are forced to migration from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

sex ratio

ratio of males to females in a population

stage 5 of the ETM

reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases; diseases return or new ones emerge; more resistant to antibiotics

stage 2 of the DTM

high growth - high birth rate, falling death rate, high population growth (society: from agricultural to urbanized, raising quality of life)

stage 3 of the DTM

moderate growth - falling birth rate, low death rate, steady population growth (urbanized and more industrialized families have less children)

stage 4 of the DTM

stability transition; low birth and death rate; birth and death rates equal; zero population growth or negative growth

stage 5 of the DTM

negative growth (death rates exceed birth rates); countries such as Japan, Italy, and Germany

zero population growth

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

emigration

migration FROM a location

immigration

migration TO a new location

net migration

the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

epidemic

a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

ecumene

the portion of Earth’s surface occupies by permanent human settlement

non-ecumene

the uninhabited or uninhabitable area of the world

dependency ratio

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

international migration

permanent movement from one country to another

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

migrant worker

a presumably temporary migrant

remittances

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

brain drain/gain

large-scale migration by talented people

quotas

in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

demographic equation

the formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. CBR- CDR= NIR

overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

underpopulation

circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants

J-curve

a growth curve that depicts exponential growth

demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model

population densities

the frequency with which something occurs in space

density of population

number of individuals per unit area

pattern

the geometric or regular arrangement of something in an area

concentration

the spread of something over a given area

clustered concentration

objects in an area are close together

dispersed concentration

if objects in an area are relatively far apart

population projection

estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data