Bio Exam 2

Cell Theory

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

True or false: an organism’s chem reactions take place within its cells

True

What organisms are in Domain Eukarya

animals, plants, fungi, protists

Cell membrane def

defines cell’s boundary

what does a eukartoic cell possess?

cell membrane, chromosomes, nuclear envelope, cytoplasm, true nucelus

nuceear envelope def

double membrane that surrounds chromosnes, forming nucelus

what are chormosmes made up of

DNA and proteins

cell wall def

a part of plant cells which is a nonliving thing that helps support the cell outside of it or the plsama membrane

plasma membrane/cell membrane def

thin layer that surrounds the cell n controls what enters and leaves cell

cytoplasm def

jelly like fluid where reactions happen

nucleoulus

makes parts of ribsomes

chlorplasts

preforms photosynthesis which makes sugar using sunlight

central vacuole

stores water and keeps cell firm

mitochondria

makes ATP energy through cellaur resiparation

ribosomes

makes proteins

rough ER

makes and processes proteins, has ribosmomes

smooth ER

makes lipids and helps detoxity substances

golgi appartatus

modifies and sorts proteins and lipids

cytoskelton

helps maintian shape and moves materials

vesicles

transports materials around cell

peroxsiomes

breaks down fatty acids

tonoplast

membrane that surrounds central vacuole in plant cell

cell sap

watery substance in tonoplast that controls what enters and leaves acoule

thylakoid

membranes inside chlorplats that contains cholorphyll

grana and what is one stack called

stacks of thylakoids, granum

stroma

fluid surrounding grana inside cholorplasts

true or false: Calvin cycle occurs in mitochonidra

false: occurs in stroma

photsynethis

process of using light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxicde adn water and then relasing xogen

selective premaibility

the ability of a membrane to allow some substances thorugh while restricitng others

Concentration

the amount of substance in a given volume

concentrationg radient

a different in concentrationg of a substance between two areas

passive transport

movement across a membrane withut the cell direcly using ATP to power the transport

active transport

movement across membrane that requires energy, often ATP (transport pumps)

transport proteins

membrane proteins that help particular substances cross mebrane

transport pumps

proteins that use energy to move susbtances, often against their concetration gradient

ATP (adeonsine triphospate)

moleucle that provides suuable energy for many celluar proccess

simple diffusion

the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without ATP or transport proteins

high concentration

an area containing relivetly large amount of susbtance

low concentration

an area containing a relviatly small aount of substance

equilibrium

condition in which concentrations are balanced and therre is no net mvoemnt of molecules, although molecules contiue moving randomly

net movement

overall movement of molecules in one direction after accounting for movments in both directions

membrane diffusion

small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can cross plasma membrane directly by simple diffusion

true or false: simple diffusion results in mocules being even

true

osmosis

waer moving across mebrane from wehre there is more water to where there is less water trhough slectively premeable mebrane (picky)

water potential

measure of tendency of water to move form one area to another

solute

substance dissolved in liquid such as salt org sugar

solute concentration

amount of dissolved susbtance in a soltuion

hypertonic solution

solution wiht more sulute outside the cell than inside, cell shrinks

hypotonic solution

solutiong with less solute otisde the cell than isndie, cell cells up

isotonic slotuion

water moves equally both ways, cell stays the same

plasmolysis

shrinking of a plant cells” contents away from the cell wall as water leaves the cell in hyperntoic solution

turgor pressure

pressure of water-filled cell contents against the cell wall

turgid cell

plant cell filled with water and firm because of turgor presure

flaccid cell

plant cell that has lot some turogr pressure and become less firm

facilitated diffusion

passive movement of substances across membrane w the help of transport proteins

channel protein

protein that forms a passageway through the membrane

carrier protein

protein that binds a substance and changes shape to move it across membrane

what molecules are transported in facialted diffusion

sugars, amino acids, nucleotides

active transport

movement of susbtances acorss memrbane using energy, against concentration gradients

protein pump

mebrane protein that uses energy to move substances across merbane

cell division

prodcues new cells and increases cell number

cell differentation

cells develop specialized strucutres and funcitons

meristem

plant tissue contianing aceirly dividng cells

apical meristem

growth region near the tips of roots and shoots that prodcues primary growth

primary growth

growth that increaes length of roots

lateral meristem

secoandary growth, which icnreases thickness of stems and roots in plants

vegtative organs

plant organs primarly onvloved in growth, nutrittion, support, and surivual rather than seXal reproduction

roots

aborbs water and minerals, anchors plants, and sometimes stores food

stems

support the plant and transport water, mineral, and sugars

leaves

primarly carry out photosnytheiss and gas excahnge

flower

reproductive strsucutre of floweirng planta

angiosperm

flowering plant

tissue

group of cells working together to preform a particualr function

organ

structure of mulitple tissue types work

dermal tissue system

plant;s outer protective covering

gound tissue system

tissue responsible for functions such as photosynthesis, storage and support

vasucalr tissue system

tissue that transports water, minerals and sugars throuhgout the plant

epdiermis

thing outer layer of cells covering many young plant organs

xylem

vascular tissue that tranports water and dissolved minerals, mianly from roots thoward shoots

phloem

vascular titssu that transports sugars and other organic substaces from soruces to sinks

sclerenchcyma

cells with thick walls that provide support and strength

lamina

broad , expanded part of a leaf that cauptures light

petiole

stalk connecting a lead blade to stem

stipules

small, leaf like strucutrs found at base of leaf in plants

leaflet

one of he indidual blade like parts of compound leaf

veins

vascular bundles in leaf that transport substances and provide support

midrib

main central vein of a leaf blade

leaf margin

edge of leaf

leaf apex

tip of leaf

upper epidermis

protective outer cell layer on the upper side of leaf

lower epidermis

protective outer cell alyer on lower side of leaf

mesophyll

internal ground tissue of a lead where most photosnyhteis occurs

palisde mesopyll

tightly packed cells, near upper leaf surface

spongy mesophyll

loosely arrganged cells w air spaces

tendrils and one example

help some plants hold on to other objects and climb: cucumber

spines and example

leaves that have been modified for reduciton of water loss or protection; cactus

sotrage leaves and example

reatin large amounts of water (succlents) and/or carbs (ulbs(; lade plant and onion

reproductive leaves and example

these allow some plants to reporduce asexually; air plant

flroal leaves and example

associated w certian plants that produce flowers w very same or no petals; pointsetta

insectverious leaves and example

allows plants to lvie in soil tha tmay be poor in nitrogen; venus fly trap