COG/BIO FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCH EXAM 1

Can all claims be studied scientifically?

-NO, so claims do not have the capacity to be studied in a scientific way

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

-brain

-spinal cord

What are the divisions of the PNS?

-sympathetic nervous system

-autonomic nervous system

(PNS → Somatic + Autonomic → Sympathetic + Parasympathetic)

what is retrieval practice

is a study technique where you try to remember information from memory without looking at your notes or textbook.

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (and what they do)

-Sympathetic – “fight or flight”

-Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”

what is the basic functions of the brain stem

-controls basic life-sustaining functions that keep your body alive.

-breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, reflexes, communication

what are the basic functions of the cerebellum

-responsible for coordinating movement and helping you maintain balance

-balance, coordination, posture, motor learning

what are features of good scientific theories

A good scientific theory is testable, falsifiable, supported by evidence, and able to explain and predict events.

what is the scientific method

The scientific method uses questions, hypotheses, experiments, and evidence to test ideas and develop scientific knowledge.

is the scientific method a self-correcting process

The scientific method is a self-correcting process because scientists use new evidence, experiments, and peer review to identify and correct mistakes in previous research.

what are the major parts of the limbic system

thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus,

what are the major parts of the cerebral cortex

-frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe (FPTO)

-primary motor cortex, primary (somato) sensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex

define cerebral cortex

2 hemispheres with contralateral connects to the body, 4 lobes per hemisphere

What is an operational definition?

A specific description of how a variable is measured or manipulated in a study.

What is null-hypothesis significance testing

A statistical method used to determine whether research results provide enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis (no effect or relationship).

what are the two errors in null hypothesis testing

• Type I = False alarm (you think there is an effect, but there isn't).

• Type II = Missed effect (there is an effect, but you fail to detect it).

what was the significance of the Roediger and Karpicke (2006) study

-The Roediger and Karpicke (2006) study found that retrieval practice (testing yourself) improves long-term memory more than repeatedly rereading information.

-think of the experiment testing studying types

what is the testing effect

The improvement in long-term memory that occurs when you practice retrieving information through testing.

what is metacognition

Awareness and understanding of your own thought processes and learning.

what is metamemory

Awareness and understanding of your own memory abilities and limitations.

what is the highlighted area called

brain stem

what is the highlighted area called

cerebellum

what is the highlighted area called

thalamus

what is the green area called

hypothalamus

what is the highlighted area called

amygdala

what is the highlighted area called

hippocampus

what is this part of the brain called

frontal lobe

what is the highlighted area called

occipital lobe

what is the highlighted area called

parietal lobe

what is the highlighted area called

temporal lobe

what is the basic function of the thalamus

acts as the brain's sensory relay station, sending most sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for processing.

what is the basic function of the hypothalamus

it keeps the body’s internal conditions balanced

regulates:

-hunger and thirst

-body temp

-sleep

-sexual behavior

-hormone

what is the basic function of the amygdala

Processes emotions, especially fear, and helps form emotional memories.

what is the basic function of the hippocampus

Forms new memories and supports learning.

what are sensory neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the brain and spinal cord.

What is transduction

The conversion of sensory energy into electrical signals that the nervous system can process.

what is sensation

Detecting physical stimuli from the environment through sensory receptors.

what is perception

Organizing and interpreting sensory information to understand it.

what is achromatopsia

a condition that causes little or no color vision, often making people see in shades of gray.

what are rods

are cells in the retina that allow vision in low-light conditions and help detect movement, but do not detect color.

what are cones

Cones are cells in the retina responsible for color vision and seeing fine details in bright light.

what does the thalamus do for vision

Relays visual information from the eyes to the visual cortex.

what does the occipital lobe do for vision processing

The part of the brain that processes and interprets visual information, such as color, shape, and movement.

is color a fundamental property of objects?

-no

-color is a perception created by the brain based on the wavelengths of light reflected by an object, rather than an inherent property of the object itself.

what is bottom up processing

is perception that starts with sensory information and builds toward understanding.

what is top down processing

processing is perception guided by prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.