Psych Unit 0 Exam

Introspection

Examining one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Freud’s Use

Freud used introspection to explore unconscious processes and inner conflicts through techniques like free association and dream analysis.

Psychoanalytic

Focuses on the unconscious, repression, and childhood experiences.

Behaviorism

Emphasizes conditioning, reinforcement, and observable behavior.

Socio-cultural

Studies the influence of culture, social norms, and group behavior.

Humanistic

Centers on self-actualization, free will, and personal growth.

Biological

Investigates the brain, neurotransmitters, and genetics.

Evolutionary

Examines natural selection, adaptation, and survival.

Cognitive

Involves thinking, memory, and problem-solving processes.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to see events as predictable after they happen.

Overconfidence

Being overly sure of one’s own answers or predictions.

Placebo Effect

Improvement due to the belief that one is receiving treatment.

Hawthorne Effect

Changes in behavior due to being observed.

Random Sampling

Ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen, increasing generalizability.

Correlational Research

Examines relationships between variables without manipulation.

Experimental Research

Manipulates one variable to observe effects on another, showing causation.

Operational Definitions

Specify how variables are measured or manipulated for clarity in research.

Independent Variable

The factor manipulated in an experiment (e.g., amount of caffeine).

Dependent Variable

The factor measured to see if it changes (e.g., levels of alertness).

Illusory Correlation

Perceived relationship between variables that doesn’t exist.

Experimental/Scientific Research

Involves manipulation of variables, control group, and random assignment.

Observational Research

Watching and recording behavior without interference.

Correlational Research

Measures the strength and direction of relationships between variables.

Case Study

In-depth analysis of an individual or group.

Positive Correlation

More study time leads to better grades.

Negative Correlation

More stress leads to less sleep.

Correlation vs

Correlation does NOT imply causation.

Correlation Coefficient

Measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Mean

Average of all values in a dataset.

Mode

Most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

Clinical Psychologist

Treats mental health issues.

Sports Psychologist

Enhances athletic performance and mental resilience.

Baby Albert Experiment

Conditioned a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.

Nonmaleficence

Obligation to avoid causing harm to participants in research.

Debriefing

Informing participants about the study’s purpose and any deceptions used.

Milgram’s Study

Explored obedience to authority through administering shocks.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Examined effects of perceived power in a simulated prison.

Watson’s Little Albert Experiment

Conditioned a baby to fear a white rat.

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Investigated influence of observing aggressive behavior on children.

Elliot’s Brown Eye/Blue Eye Experiment

Demonstrated impact of discrimination through eye color-based segregation.