World History Test 3 Mod. 7

Bessemer Process

the first inexpensive industrial method for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron

Internal Combustion Engine

a heat engine that converts chemical energy from a fuel into mechanical work by burning the fuel with an oxidizer (usually air) inside a combustion chamber

Karl Benz

German mechanical engineer and engine designer who is widely credited with inventing the world's first practical, gasoline-powered automobile

Meiji Restoration (1868)

was a political and social revolution in Japan that abolished the Tokugawa shogunate and restored direct imperial rule under Emperor Meji

Deindustrialization of India

the severe decline of the country's indigenous manufacturing and handicraft sector—most notably handloom textiles—during the 18th and 19th centuries

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

founder of modern egypt

Social Darwinism

a pseudoscientific ideology from the late 19th and early 20th centuries that misapplied Charles Darwin’s biological theory of natural selection to human societies.

Civilizing Mission / “White Man’s Burden”

The "civilizing mission" was a 19th- and early-20th-century ideology that framed Western imperialism and colonization as a moral duty to bring European education, infrastructure, law, and Christianity to non-white, non-Western populations

King Leopold II and the Congo Free State

a vast state in Central Africa privately owned and controlled by Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908

Boxer Uprising (1899–1901)

an anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in northern China

Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Manifesto of the Communist Party) was authored by Karl Marx with the collaboration of Friedrich Engels on commission from the Communist League

1. How did electricity, steel, and the internal combustion engine transform cities and industry?

fundamentally reshaped urban landscapes, manufacturing, and human mobility

1. How did Japan’s Meiji Restoration differ from Russia’s approach to industrialization?

JAPAN: Financed its early industrialization largely through internal agricultural taxation (land tax reform), silk and tea exports, and domestic treasury funds, later privatizing state-built factories to powerful family-owned conglomerates called Zaibatsu

RUSSIA: Relied heavily on foreign loans, massive state-directed railway construction (led by Finance Minister Sergei Witte), and heavy taxation of the peasantry rather than domestic corporate capita

1. Why did industrialization fail to develop fully in India, Egypt, and China?

due to a combination of British colonial policies (de-industrialization), lack of vital resources like coal, and centralized or traditional economic structures that favored agrarian stability over machine mechanization

1. How did industrialization drive European and U.S. imperialism in the late 19th century?

by creating an urgent economic need for raw materials, captive consumer markets, and technological/military capabilities to project global power

1. What ideas did Social Darwinism and the “civilizing mission” use to justify empire?

pseudo-scientific, racial, and moral arguments

1. How did imperialism affect the economies and societies of colonized regions such as Africa and Asia?

shifting them from self-sustaining local systems to extractive suppliers for Western industrial powers

1. In what ways did resistance movements like the Boxer Uprising challenge imperial powers?

by directly targeting foreign presence

1. How did Karl Marx explain the problems of industrial society, and what solutions did he propose?

he explained the problems of industrial society as the direct result of capitalism and class struggle, and he proposed a proletarian revolution to replace private property with a classless, communist society.

1. How did reformers in industrial nations try to address the negative effects of industrialization and urban life?

new labor laws, public health upgrades, social welfare programs, and expanded political rights