Physical Pharmacy and Jurisprudence & Ethics High-Yield Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering essential physical pharmacy concepts and Philippine jurisprudence and ethics regulations for pharmacy board examinations.

Physical Pharmacy

The branch of pharmaceutical science that applies physical and chemical principles to study the physicochemical properties of substances used in pharmaceutical formulation.

Keesom Forces

Intermolecular van der Waals forces caused by permanent dipole–dipole interactions (orientation effect).

Debye Forces

Intermolecular van der Waals forces produced when a permanent dipole induces a dipole in an adjacent molecule (induction effect).

London Forces

Intermolecular van der Waals forces arising from temporary induced dipole–induced dipole interactions (dispersion effect), essential for nonpolar interactions and liquefaction of gases.

Additive Property

A physical property that depends on the total combined contribution of all atoms within a molecule (e.g., molecular weight, mass).

Constitutive Property

A physical property that depends on the specific structural arrangement and bonding of atoms in a molecule (e.g., refractive index, optical rotation).

Colligative Property

A property of a solution that depends strictly on the total number of dissolved solute particles rather than their chemical identity (e.g., vapor-pressure lowering, freezing-point depression).

Intensive Property

A physical property that remains independent of the total quantity of matter present (e.g., temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension, specific gravity).

Extensive Property

A physical property that varies directly with the amount or size of the system (e.g., mass, length, volume).

Triple Point

The specific state of temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist simultaneously in equilibrium.

Critical Point

The point on a phase diagram at which the boundary between liquid and gas ceases to exist and the two phases become indistinguishable.

Gibbs Phase Rule

The phase equilibrium relationship expressed as $F = C - P + 2$ for a one-component system, where $F$ is degrees of freedom, $C$ is number of components, and $P$ is number of phases.

Smectic Liquid Crystals

A mesophase state characterized by elongated molecules aligned in definite parallel layers with soap-like flow properties.

Polymorphism

The ability of a chemical substance to crystallize into more than one distinct crystalline form with differing physical properties such as solubility and melting point.

Enantiotropic Polymorphs

Polymorphic forms of a substance that can reversibly transform into one another at a specific transition temperature.

Monotropic Polymorphs

Polymorphic forms where the phase transition between forms is strictly unidirectional and irreversible, proceeding from a metastable form to the stable form.

Theobroma Oil Polymorphs

Four crystal modifications of cocoa butter: gamma ($18^\circ\text{C}$, least stable), alpha ($22^\circ\text{C}$), beta-prime ($28^\circ\text{C}$), and beta ($34.5^\circ\text{C}$, most stable).

Henry's Law

A gas law stating that at constant temperature, the mass of gas dissolved in a given volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas ($C = kP$).

Graham's Law

A law establishing that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight: $\frac{\text{Rate}_1}{\text{Rate}_2} = \sqrt{\frac{\text{MW}_2}{\text{MW}_1}}$.

Micromeritics

The science and technology of small particles, covering both fundamental properties (size, shape, true volume) and derived properties (bulk density, porosity).

Feret's Diameter

An optical microscopy particle measurement defined as the distance between two parallel tangents along opposite sides of the particle.

Martin's Diameter

An optical microscopy dimension determined as the length of a line that divides the projected area of a particle into two equal halves.

Angle of Repose

A parameter for evaluating powder flowability calculated using $\tan(\theta) = \frac{h}{r}$, where smaller angles denote better flow and steeper angles indicate poor flow.

Carr's Index (CI)

A compressibility percentage derived as $\text{CI} = \left[\frac{\rho_\text{tapped} - \rho_\text{bulk}}{\rho_\text{tapped}}\right] \times 100$, where lower values represent superior flowability.

Hausner Ratio (HR)

A flow predictor calculated as $\text{HR} = \frac{\rho_\text{tapped}}{\rho_\text{bulk}}$, where values closer to $1.00$ to $1.11$ indicate excellent powder flow.

Zeta Potential

The electrokinetic potential existing at the slipping plane of a charged colloidal particle; lower magnitudes diminish repulsion and favor flocculation.

Peptization

The process of redispersing or converting a coagulated precipitate back into a stable colloidal dispersion.

Caking

A suspension instability characterized by the formation of a dense, highly compact sediment that resists redispersion upon shaking.

Coalescence (Cracking)

An irreversible emulsion failure where dispersed droplets fuse together into larger globules, resulting in complete phase separation.

Syneresis

The spontaneous contraction of a gel structure resulting in the outward expulsion of liquid from the gel network.

Sodium Chloride Equivalent (E-value)

The weight of sodium chloride in grams that produces an equivalent osmotic effect to $1\,\text{g}$ of a specific drug substance.

White–Vincent Method

A Class II tonicity adjustment method that calculates the volume of water needed to yield an isotonic solution ($V = [\text{weight} \times E] \times 111.1$) before diluting with an isotonic vehicle.

Buffer Capacity ($\beta$)

A quantitative measure of buffer resistance to pH change, calculated as the ratio of strong acid or base equivalents added per liter to the resulting change in pH.

Shelf-Life ($t_{90}$)

The duration of storage required for the concentration of an active drug ingredient to decline to $90\%$ of its original label potency ($10\%$ degraded).

Thixotropy

A time-dependent reversible non-Newtonian flow behavior where viscosity decreases under continuous shear stress and gradually recovers when the stress is removed.

Rheopexy

A time-dependent non-Newtonian rheological property where viscosity increases over time under continuous applied shear stress.

Autonomy

A universal bioethical principle obligating practitioners to respect a patient's self-determination, informed consent, and voluntary choices without coercion.

Veracity

The bioethical principle of honesty and full disclosure of relevant medical and medication information to patients and colleagues.

Beneficence

The bioethical duty to act affirmatively for the benefit, health, and welfare of the patient.

Nonmaleficence

The core bioethical mandate to 'do no harm' and proactively prevent foreseeable medication errors or treatment-related injuries.

Role Fidelity

The bioethical commitment to practice within defined professional standards, competencies, ethical responsibilities, and statutory boundaries.

Republic Act No. 5921

The historical Pharmacy Law governing pharmaceutical education, licensing, the Board of Pharmacy, and the professional regulation of pharmacy practice in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 6675

The Generics Act of 1988, mandating the use of generic terminology across prescribing, dispensing, manufacturing, advertising, and distribution of medicines.

Republic Act No. 8203

The Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs, prohibiting and penalizing the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and trafficking of counterfeit medications.

Republic Act No. 9165

The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing RA 6425 and governing dangerous drug control, licensing, enforcement, the DDB, and the PDEA.

Republic Act No. 9711

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Act of 2009, which modernized and strengthened the former BFAD and officially renamed it the Food and Drug Administration.

Republic Act No. 7581

The Price Act, which provides consumer protection against arbitrary price hikes and outlaws illegal price manipulation schemes such as hoarding, profiteering, and cartels.

Erroneous Prescription

A prescription containing generic naming where the format violates rules (e.g., brand name precedes generic, generic is enclosed in parentheses, or brand name is not in parentheses); must be retained and reported.

Violative Prescription

A prescription where the generic name is missing, illegible while the brand name is visible, or where 'no substitution' instructions prevent generic dispensing; must not be filled as written.

Impossible Prescription

A prescription where only an illegible generic is written, generic and brand names do not correspond, both are illegible, or the drug is not FDA-registered; must not be dispensed.

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

The primary operational and implementing arm responsible for enforcing the regulatory and penal provisions of RA 9165 regarding dangerous drugs.

S2 License

A specialized permit issued by PDEA that authorizes registered physicians, dentists, or veterinarians to prescribe dangerous drug preparations.

Dangerous Drug Prescription Retention

The legal requirement under RA 9165 modules directing community and institutional pharmacists to preserve original dangerous drug prescriptions on file for five years.

Hoarding

The illegal practice penalized under RA 7581 involving the undue accumulation or intentional withholding of basic necessities or prime commodities from regular trade channels.

Profiteering

An unlawful trade practice under RA 7581 defined as the sale or offering for sale of any basic necessity or prime commodity at an excessively high price.

Cartel

Any unlawful combination, agreement, or conspiracy among competitors, producers, or sellers organized to manipulate, control, or artificially inflate prices.