Speech 106 Final Study Guide (copy)

Receiving (Hearing)

The physiological process of sound waves hitting the eardrum and being transmitted to the brain.

Attending

The psychological process of selection where the brain filters which messages to focus on.

Understanding

The stage where a listener attaches meaning to the message; requires knowledge of the language and context.

Responding

Giving observable feedback to the speaker, could be nonverbal or verbal.

Remembering

The ability to recall information; humans remember about 50% of what they hear immediately.

Pseudolistening

An imitation of true listening where an individual appears attentive but is mentally elsewhere.

Stage Hogging

When people only express their own ideas, frequently interrupting others.

Selective Listening

Listeners respond only to parts of a speaker's remarks that interest them.

Insulated Listening

Listeners fail to hear or acknowledge certain topics they prefer to avoid.

Defensive Listening

Taking innocent comments as personal attacks and feeling belittled.

Ambushing

Listening carefully to collect information for later use against the speaker.

Insensitive Listening

Failing to understand hidden meanings or emotions behind a speaker’s words.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that attacks a person's character rather than their argument.

Red Herring

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Straw Man

Misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent's argument for easier attack.

Bandwagon (Ad Populum)

The fallacy that something is true or correct simply because many people believe it.

Hasty Generalization

Reaching a conclusion based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence.

Either-Or (False Dilemma)

Presenting only two choices when more options exist.

Slippery Slope

Claiming that one action will lead to a series of significant negative events.

Definition of a Group

A collection of people interacting over time to reach a goal, typically between 3 to 15 members.

Rules vs. Norms

Rules are explicit guidelines; norms are implicit shared values governing behavior.

Task Roles

Roles that help a group accomplish its goals, such as Initiator or Secretary.

Maintenance Roles

Roles that help relationships run smoothly, like Encourager or Harmonizer.

Dysfunctional Roles

Roles that hinder progress, including Blocker or Recognition Seeker.

Advantages of Solving Problems in Groups

Greater resources, synergy, commitment among members, and accuracy in decision-making.

Reflective Thinking Method

Dewey’s Steps for problem-solving: Identify, Analyze, Establish Criteria, Generate Solutions, Evaluate, Select, and Implement.

Definition of Groupthink

When a group's desire for harmony overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Illusion of Invulnerability

The belief within a group that they cannot fail.

Self-censorship

Members withhold doubts to maintain group harmony.

Pressure on Dissenters

Those who disagree are pressured to conform to group opinions.

Mindguards

Members protect the leader from adverse information.

Poor Decision-Making

Failure to critically evaluate risks or seek expert advice.

Most Powerful Nonverbal Cues

Facial expressions and eyes, providing immediate emotional data.

Artifacts

Physical objects that communicate identity, status, or values, like clothing or tattoos.

Body Movement (Kinesics)

Communication through body motion, including emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, and adaptors.

Intimate Distance

Distance from skin contact to 1.5 feet, reserved for close emotional relationships.

Personal Distance

Distance from 1.5 feet to 4 feet, typical for couples and friends.

Social Distance

Distance from 4 feet to 12 feet, used in business and casual gatherings.

Public Distance

Distance beyond 12 feet, used for public speaking.

Definition of Power in Groups

The ability to influence others to behave or achieve specific goals.

Types of Power

Different sources of influence: legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent.

Development of Interpersonal Relationships

Relationships develop through stages of increasing intimacy, from initiating to bonding.

Qualitative Communication

Communication characterized by treating individuals as unique, regardless of context.

Self-Disclosure

Deliberately revealing significant personal information that is not normally known by others.

Characteristics of Self-Disclosure

Intentional, significant, not easily accessible, varies in breadth and depth.

Avoiding (Lose-Lose)

Choosing not to face conflict, leaving issues unresolved.

Accommodating (Lose-Win)

Giving in to others' demands while neglecting one's own needs.

Competing (Win-Lose)

A power-based approach focusing on satisfying one's own interests.

Compromising (Partial Lose-Lose)

Both parties give up something to reach a middle-ground solution.

Collaborating (Win-Win)

Working together to find a creative solution that satisfies all parties.