Unit One || Biotechnology Study Guide

Biotechnology

The use of biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop products and applications for various industries.

Classical techniques

Biotechnological techniques that rely on natural processes, such as selective breeding and fermentation.

Modern techniques

Biotechnological techniques that involve manipulation of genes and molecules for precise control and faster results, such as PCR, gel electrophoresis, and rDNA.

GMFs

Genetically Modified Foods, products made using modern biotechnology.

Selective breeding

The process of breeding and selecting organisms with desired traits, such as wheat, corn, and dogs.

Fermentation

The process of using microorganisms to convert sugars into products, such as bread, beer, and yogurt.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A modern biotechnology technique used for DNA amplification.

Gel Electrophoresis

A modern biotechnology technique used for the separation of DNA fragments based on size.

rDNA (Recombinant DNA)

A modern biotechnology technique involving the insertion of foreign genes into organisms.

Gene therapy

The modification of genes for treating diseases.

Genetic counseling

The assessment and advice on genetic risks.

Pharmacogenetics

The study of how genetics influence drug responses.

Cloning whole organisms

The replication of entire organisms.

Cloning genes

The production of identical copies of specific genes.

Purpose of PCR

To amplify DNA.

Purpose of Gel Electrophoresis

To separate DNA fragments based on size.

In vitro fertilization

The process of combining egg and sperm outside the body.

Making rDNA with restriction enzymes

Modifying DNA by cutting and pasting specific genes.

Making rDNA with CRISPR/Cas9

Modifying DNA by editing specific genes.

Biotechnology applications

Industrial/environmental, medical/pharmaceutical, agricultural, diagnostic research.

HeLa cells controversy

Concerns about privacy and ownership due to the unauthorized use of HeLa cells.

Diamond vs

Allowed the patenting of genetically modified organisms, encouraging biotechnological innovation.

Educational requirements for technical roles

May require diplomas or associate degrees.

Educational requirements for advanced positions

Typically require bachelor's, master's, or Ph.D. degrees.

Professional degrees

Focus on practical skills, such as Master of Biotechnology.

Graduate degrees

Emphasize research and theory, such as M.S. and Ph.D.

Safety hazard pictograms

Visual symbols indicating hazards, such as flame (flammability), skull and crossbones (toxicity), and exclamation mark (irritants).

NFPA diamond

A diamond-shaped label with color-coded sections indicating health, flammability, instability, and special hazards.

Informed consent

Voluntary agreement after understanding risks, obtained by explaining procedures, risks, and benefits.

SDS sections

Sections in Safety Data Sheets include product identification, hazard identification, composition, first aid measures, etc.

Enzyme function and drug response

Genetic variations in enzyme function can influence drug metabolism and efficacy.

Preclinical trials

Tests conducted on cells or animals before human trials.

Clinical trials

Human trials to assess drug safety and efficacy.

Post-clinical trials

Monitoring of post-market drug performance.

Phases of clinical trials

Phase 1 (safety), Phase 2 (efficacy), Phase 3 (effectiveness and side effects).

Roles of OSHA, FDA, EPA, and USDA

OSHA ensures workplace safety, FDA regulates food and drugs, EPA oversees environmental protection, USDA manages agriculture and food safety.

Right-to-know laws

Employers must inform employees about hazardous substances and provide access to safety data.

IRB (Institutional Review Board)

Oversees human research ethics.

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)

Ensures ethical treatment of animals in research.