Lingustics Phonetics Test

Phonetics

The study of the inventory& structure of the sounds of language

Acoustic Phonetics

Physics of speech

Articulatory Phonetics

Anatomy & physiology of speech

The Segment (phoneme)

Discrete units ofspeech stream — the consonants and vowels

The Suprasegmental

Stress, tone, & intonation

Suprasegmental

An acoustic phenomenonthat happens about the level of the segmentbut not tied to it

Intonation

Overall pitch contour of an utterance

Stress

Emphasis on a syllable (making one louder)

Source-Filter Model of Speech Production

A simple way to conceptualize the productionof speech

Source

Air pressure is created in the lungs, which vibrates the vocal cords (or not) located in the larynx (voice box)

Filter

The various articulators that filter the source sound to create speech sounds

Articulator

Something you use in your mouth to make a speech sound

Vocal Cords/Folds

Ligaments extending along the interior larynx

Glottis

Space between the cords (aperture)

Arytenoid Cartilages

Used to adjust thespace between the vocal cords (glottis)

Thyroid Cartilage

Front ends of vocalcords attach here & can slack or stretch the cords to change pitch

Voiceless Sounds

Open glottis

Voiced Sound

Vocal folds vibrate

Voiced sounds

Increased subglottal air pressure sufficient to blow vocal folds apart but not enough to prevent them from falling back together again, 100 times a second for men & 200 times a second for women

What happens when we vary the fundamental frequency

We perceive pitch

Hertz

A measurement of air moleculesmoving back & forth in one second

Fundamental frequency of a voice

The average lowest pitch of a person's voice (the physical rate at which a person's vocal folds vibrate per second when producing voiced speech sounds.)

Front of tongue

Is directly below hard palate

Tongue

Is composed of the tip (apex),the blade and the dorsum (Tip + blade

Dorsum is composed of

1. Portion of the tongue opposite the hard palate, the front; 2. Portion opposite of the soft palate, the back; 3. Rear surface of dorsum is tongue root

Orthography & phonetics do not mix well

Therefore we need some way to represent sounds so that we can describe how they are actually produced -> International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Consonants

Made with complete closure or narrowing of vocal tract in some way

Glides

Are acoustically vowels, 2 vowels that have been smashed together, Pattern as consonants (yet (yuh), wet (wuh))

Vowels

Made w/ no obstruction in vocal tract

The Larynx

The oral cavity

The tongue

Place of Articulation

what you’re doing w/ your mouth

Manner of Articulation

what am I doing w/ the air

Stop

2 articulators together & release them (plosive)

Fricative

2 articulators get close & push air through

Affricate

stop that's released into a fricative

Flap

a rapidly articulated stop

Nasal

made with the velum lowered

Liquids

are your l's and your r's

Lateral liquid

let sound spill over sides of your tongue

Retroflex liquid

curling tongue towards alveolar ridge & bunching back of tongue (r's)

Glides

“rapidly articulated vowels”, used like constants

Transcriptions

put transcriptions in brackets

p

stop, bilabial, voiceless, pig

b

stop, bilabial, voiced, boy

t

stop, alveolar, voiceless, toy

d

stop, alveolar, voiced, dog

k

stop, velar, voiceless, kick

g

stop, velar, voiced, good

ʔ

stop, glottal, voiceless, uh-oh

f

fricative, labiodental, voiceless, frank

v

fricative, labiodental, voiced, van

θ

fricative, interdental, voiceless, think

ð

fricative, interdental, voiced, the

s

fricative, alveolar, voiceless, snake

z

fricative, alveolar, voiced, zoo

ʃ

fricative, alveo-palatal, voiceless, ship

ʒ

fricative, alveopalatal, voiced, measure

h

fricative, glottal, voiceless, heat

tʃ

affricate, alveo-palatal, voiceless, church

dʒ

affricate, alveopalatal, voiced, judge

m

nasal, bilabial, voiced, mom

n

nasal, alveolar, voiced, no

ŋ

nasal, velar, voiced, walking

l

lateral approximant, alveolar, voiced, love

ɹ

retroflex approximant, alveolar, voiced, ralph

w

glide, bilabial, voiced, where

j

glide, palatal, voiced, yellow