human factors 5

What is hypoxia?

Oxygen deficiency in the body

12,000 feet to 15,000 feet – judgment, memory, alertness, coordination, ability to make calculations are impaired, and headache, drowsiness, dizziness

Effects are worse at 15,000 feet. Carbon monoxide and healed, anemia in certain medication’s will cause it to be more Sub-acceptable antihistamines or small amounts of alcohol, extreme heat, and cold or fever

Hypoxic

Hypemic

Stagnant

Histotoxic

Condition that interrupts flow of oxygen into lungs happens at altitude due to reduction of partial pressure of oxygen

Condition that interferes with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen such as anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning

Situation that interferes with the normal circulation of the blood, arriving to the cells. G forces

Condition that interferes with the normal utilization of oxygen in the cell. Alcohol, narcotics

How to avoid hypoxia

In wrench air with oxygen and maintain comfortable safe cabin pressure altitude

Supplemental oxygen above 10,000 feet day

5000 feet at night

Regulations concerning use of supplemental oxygen on board

12,500 feet MSL – 14,000 feet MSL If within that altitude for more than 30 minutes, it is required fly crew must be provided with use of supplemental oxygen

Cabin pressure is above 14,000 feet MSL – the entire flight time crew must be provided with and use oxygen

15,000 feet MSL each occupant must be provided with oxygen

Why oxygen at lower altitude during night?

Night vision directly affected by lack of oxygen

What is hyperventilation?

Abnormal increase of volume of air breathe in and out of lungs happens and stressful situations, excessive carbon dioxide, lightheadedness, suffocation, drowsiness, tingling, and extremities and coolness, un coordination, disorientation, and painful muscle spasms unconsciousness can occur

Bring Ray and deaf of breathing back to normal

Stabilize passenger breathing have them breathe into a bag

Sinus block

Sinus Block: During ascent and descent, sinus pressure equalizes with cabin pressure through small openings to the nasal passages. Colds, sinus infections, or allergies can block these openings, especially during descent, causing severe sinus pain and possibly bloody nasal mucus.

Prevention: Avoid flying with congestion or an upper respiratory infection. Decongestants may not work adequately and can cause side effects that impair pilot performance. If symptoms persist after landing, consult a physician.

What is ear block?

Pressure between middle ear and aircraft cabin produces severe pain in here and loss can be prevented by swallowing yawning 10 muscles in the throat, pinching the nose flow attempting to blow through nostril do not fly with upper respiratory infection or nasal allergic condition

Spatial disorientation

Lack of orientation with regard to position in space into other objects

Orientation is maintained through the body sensory organs

Visual orientation

Vestibular motion sensing system in the inner ear

Postal Nurse in the skin joints and muscle of the body maintain partial orientation

Forces of flight can provide misleading information

Examples of illusions that can lead to spatial disorientation

Spatial disorientation can occur when a pilot’s perception of position motion or attitude is inconsistent with reality often caused by illusions

The leans – occurs when gradual unnoticed bank is corrected to flight level, giving this sensation of banking in the opposite direction

Coriolis illusion – rapid had movement and prolonged constant turn rate, causing the sensation of tilting or tumbling

Graveyard spiral – Pilot in prolonged term loses sensation of turning leading to increase Bank and descent while attempting to correct

Somatogravic Illusion – during rabbit acceleration, like takeoff, body senses, a nose of attitude, causing pilot to push the nose down

Inversion illusion – sudden transition from climb to level flight sensation of tumbling backwards

False horizon – when visual queue, such as clouds or terrain are mistaking for horizon, results in inaccurate perception of aircraft attitude

Auto kinesis – stationary light appears to move when stared at in dark darkness

What causes motion sickness what are symptoms?

Caused by stimulation of the inner ear, which controls person sense of balance

Loss of appetite, saliva collecting in the mouth, perspiration, nausea, disorientation, headaches, and possible vomiting

Actions to help motion sickness

Open air events/windows, loosening clothing, use supplemental oxygen, focus vision on point outside plane. Avoid too much had movement. Cancel flight land as soon as possible if symptoms do not stop

What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Colorless, odorless, tasteless, gas in exhaust fumes when inhaled for a period of time can reduce ability Of blood to Carrie oxygen – hypoxia

Drowsiness, headaches, nausea, dizziness, fatigue the heater may have a crack that goes into the cabin and causes carbon monoxide poisoning via the exhaust system

Turn off heater open all vents in land as soon as possible diversion to nearby airport Get medical treatment if needed

Alert for CO poisoning in piston engineer crafts when the cabin heat is in use

What is the difference between carbon monoxide poisoning and altitude base hypoxia?

Altitude base hypoxia causes pilot/passengers to feel good and euphoric

Carbon monoxide poisonous causes nausea or ill feeling symptoms

What is stress and what are the two categories?

Stress: Bodies, responsive, physical, and psychological demands placed on it

Acute stress – short term. Immediate threat that has perceived as danger. Triggers flight or flight response.

Chronic stress – long-term. Level of stress that is intolerable burden exceeds the ability of individual to cope and causes individual performance

three types of stressors

Physical stressors – environment, temperature and humidity, extremes, noise, and vibration, lack of oxygen

Physiological stressors – fatigue, lack of physical fitness, sleep, loss, missed meals and illness

Psychological stressors – social/emotional factors – death, divorce, sick child, demotion. Related to mental workload.

What is fatigue?

State of reduced mental or physical performance, resulting from lack of sleep or increased physical activity. It reduces alertness and ability to safely operate aircraft or perform safety related duties.

What are two types of fatigue?

Acute – short term happens after a period of strenuous effort, excitement, lack of sleep, rest, and proper diet, cures it

Chronic – long-term. Occurs over extended period of time. Requires treatment from physician

How fatigue or stress affect pilots performance?

Bad Attention, concentration, coordination, decreased ability to communicate seriously affect pilots ability to make good decisions

Symptoms of fatigue

Speed and accuracy of performance reduced

Delayed reactions, not paying attention, impaired logical reasoning, and decision-making

Reduce situational awareness and low motivation

What is dehydration?

Critical Water loss from body

First notice, fatigue, period dizziness, headache, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands, and feet, abdominal cramps and extreme thirst

Confusion, rapid heartbeat, low pressure if not Corrected

Move to cooler environment, wrest slowly drink, water or electrolytes avoid sugar or caffeine beverages can worse than dehydration

Causes of dehydration: Hot flights and flight lines , Wind, humidity, diuretic drinks. Flying during hot summer temperatures at high altitude, equal dry air equal increase rate of water loss.

hypothermia

Hypothermia body core temperature below 95°F

Conduction – when transfer of heat comes in contact with something colder

Radiation heat radiates from exposed area equal 50% body heat loss from Head

Convection – air currents, blow heat away fr bod

Evaporation – sweat

Respiration and cold place cold air enters body leaves as warm air body loses heat by warming the cold

Symptoms of Hypothermia and first line of defense

99-96 F: Intense shivering can’t perform complex task

95–91F: Violent shivering can’t speak sluggish amnesia

90-86F: Muscular Rigid, skin exposed blue, or puffy movements are jerky

Shelter. Clothing is shelter.Wet clothes will lose heat

Optical illusions that lead to landing errors

Runway width illusion: narrower than usual rwy Aircraft is seen at higher altitude than it actually is pilot will fly lower with risk of hitting things or landing short

Wider than usual, runway opposite affect, landing too hard or overshooting runway because too high

Runway and terrain slopes illusion: Upsloping runway/terrain equals illusion plane is at higher altitude Pilot will end up flying lower approach

Featureless terrain illusion: no ground features like landing over water, darken areas featureless by snow plane looks at higher altitude than what it really is so then pilots fly at lower approach

Water refraction, haze, and fog how great optical illusions

Water refraction – rain on windscreen create illusion of being higher altitude due to horizon, appearing lower than it is. Pilot fly at lower approach.

Hayes – illusion of being at a greater distance in height from the runway. Pilot low on approach.

B Illusion of pitching up pilots will steep in approach abruptly

Mitigate risk of optical or visual illusions

Tends to happen in conditions of low visibility, nighttime, transitioning between visual and instrument

Trust flight instruments, maintain awareness of environment. Study approach before flight. Anticipate Potential visual challenges make sure you are not fatigued and be alert. Avoid staring at bright lights outside.

Effects of nitrogen excess from scuba diving

Allow body enough time to read itself of excess nitrogen, absorbed during diving Were you will get decompression sickness

Flight altitude 8000 feet: Wait 12 hours if I’ve did not require controlled ascent. Wait 24 hours with controlled assault

Flight altitude above 8000 feet wait 24 hours after any dive

Restrictions concerning use of drugs and alcohol

No act as crewmember

Eight hours after consumption of alcohol under the influence while using any drugs that affects the persons way, contrary to safety

0.04% or more in blood or breath

Pilot allow passenger on board that has had alcohol

Regulation say not to allow person that “ Appears to be intoxicated or demonstrates by manner or physical indications that they are under influence of drugs” Does that mean they cannot have ANY Alcohol, but encourage for pilot to let passenger know the additional

aero medical effects: Reduced inhibitions, diuretic effects, increased susceptibility to hypoxia, impairing judgment and self-control

Alcohol and pairs of bodies ability to adapt to lower oxygen levels, more susceptible to hypoxia confusion, dizziness, and fatigue

If allowed on board passenger who drank alcohol pilot needs to manage the passenger and give them extra care always best practice to be conservative and not allow passengers even under minimal effects of alcohol consumption to be on board

OTC medication and impact in flight

Changes in concentration of atmospheric Gases in the blood can enhance the effects Of OTC drugs in result in Impaired judgment, decision-making, and performance

Best to not fly while taking any medication unless approved by the FAA to do so

Check FAA over-the-counter medication reference guide in order to assist while making a decision

what is single pilot resource management?

Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM): Managing all available resources to make safe decisions as a single pilot.

What are examples of skills necessary for effective SRM

Risk Management – Identify and reduce risks.

Task Management – Prioritize tasks.

Situational Awareness – Know what’s happening around you.

Automation Management – Use aircraft systems correctly.

CFIT Awareness – Avoid flying into terrain.

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) – Make safe decisions.

What practical application provides pilot was effective method to practice SRM? 5P

Use it to evaluate your flight at regular intervals.

P — Plan: Weather, route, fuel, and alternatives.

P — Plane: Aircraft condition, systems, and performance.

P — Pilot: Your health, fatigue, stress, and proficiency. IMSAFE

P — Passengers: Their needs, comfort, and distractions.

P — Programming: GPS, avionics, radios, and autopilot settings.

Pilot has five variables that impact their environment that can cause a pilot to make a critical decision or less severe critical decision that one added together create a critical outcome

use at any interval during the flight, but definitely used any time during emergencies situation

What is aeronautical decision-making – ADM

Systematic approach the mental process used by pilots To determine best course of action in response to given set of circumstances

What are the steps in the decision-making process?

Define the problem

Choose course of action

Implement the decision

Evaluate the outcome

What two models are used when practicing ADM?

DECIDE

3P

What is the decide model

Detect the change, needing attention

Estimate any to counter or react to change

Choose most desirable outcome

Identify action actions to successfully control the change

Do something to adapt to the change

Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change

What is the 3P model and how different from side model?

33P process is a continuous loop of the pilots handling of hazards

Decide model focus on particular problems requiring resolution

Pilots can use a 3P process continuously while they decide model and naturalistic decision making results from the 3P process

Name five hazardous attitudes that affect pilot ability to make sound decisions and properly exercise authority

Aunti Authority – follow the rules

Impulsivity – think first not so fast

In vulnerability – it could happen to me

Macho– Taking chances is foolish

Resignation – I can make a difference. I am not helpless.

What is first step in neutralizing a hazardous attitude

Recognition of hazardous thoughts. Then label it as hazardous. Then state corresponding antidote.

What is risk management what is the definition of a hazard?

Risk management is a decision-making process designed to identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action it weighs the potential cost of the risk against the possible benefits so that those wrist are controlled

A hazard is current event that could lead or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable event ex: accident

What are examples of aviation hazards?

Nick in the propeller Blade

Improper refueling

Pilot Fatigue

Use of unapproved hardware on plane

Weather

What is the definition of risk?

Risk is the future impact of a hazard That is not controlled or eliminated

What factors contribute to a pilot impaired performance

Medical, illness, alcohol, fatigue, stress, emotion. Use the IMSAFE checklist to determine if they’re able to fly

How can you use the PAVE Checklist to help you assess risk

PAVE

PIC- health, physical, mental, emotion, proficiency, currency

Aircraft – airworthiness, equipment, performance capability

Environment – with hazards, terrain, airport/runways, conditions

External pressures – meetings, people waiting, trying to impress. Allow for delays/cancellation

What is the risk assessment matrix

Matrix, assess pilots and differentiating between low, medium, and high risk flights

It’s a tool to assess the likelihood of an event occurring in the severity

What is a flight risk assessment tool? FRAT

Pre-flight planning tool that uses a series of question in each Of the major risk categories (PAVE) To help highly identify in quantify risk for a flight

It’s a proactive, hazard, identification, easy to use and can visually depict risk

Helps with decision decision to go or not to go

Can be found online on FAA

Define task management

Processed by which pilots Manage the Min task that must be performed to safely and efficiently operate a plane

That way that can decrease workload and avoid being overloaded

Stop think slow down and prioritize

Aviator, navigate, and communicate

How can tasks be completed and timely manner without causing the destruction from flying

By planning, prioritizing, and sequencing task

Why are pilots encouraged to use checklist?

To aid pilots memory and ensure items necessary for safe operation or not overlooked or forgotten

Two common methods of checklist usage

Do Verify method DV- checklist being done in variable sequence, then checklist is ready again while each item is verified

Challenge to verify method CDV- Where one member issues the challenge in the second member takes the action in response to the first member of verifying that the action was taken. Most effective method

Common errors when using checklist

Items missed because of distraction

Items incorrectly performed rushing

Did not use the Wright checklist

Too much time spent with Head down reading and compromising safety

Checklist is not readily available

Emergencies/abnormal procedure checklist not readily available

Memory items are accomplished, but not confirmed with the checklist

Phases of flight checklist be used

Pre-flight

Before engine start

Engine starting

before taxi

Before takeoff

After takeoff,

cruise

descent

before landing after landing engines shut down and securing

Situational awareness

Understanding factors and conditions that affect safety before during an after flight.

Flight, pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressure

Inside aircraft- status of aircraft systems, pilot, and passengers

Outside aircraft- Awareness of aircraft, relation to terrain, traffic, weather, And airspace

Fatigue, distractions, unexpected events, complacency, high workload, unfamiliar situation Equipment reduce situational awareness

What hazards when using automated tools or GPS?

Blind reliance on GPS can lead to missed checkpoints from the route, airspace violation or proximity to terrain and other hazards. These systems can also fail.

Make sure you’re constantly monitoring instrument verifying auto pilot actions and cross checking

What area must pilot be proficient in when using automated system?

What to expect how to monitor the system for proper operation and be prepared to probably take action if the system does not perform correctly