Exam #2 API

Pumps

Active transport trans membrane protein; move concentration gradient away from equilibrium; create/build the concentration gradient

Channel

Passive transport transmembrane protein; utilizes the concentration gradient; moves towards equilibrium/balance

Vesicle

Small bubble inside of the cell made up of phospholipid bilayer

Vesicular Transport

vesicle moving up and fusing to the surface (plasma membrane) of a cell in order to release or take particles

Exocytosis

Particles exiting or being released by a cell (via vesicular transport)

Endocytosis

Particles entering and being absorbed by the cell (via vesicular transport)

Cytoplasm

composed of cytosol, organelles and inclusions

An organelle that does not have a membrane

ribosome

Nucleus

largest organelle that stores the DNA in the form of chromatin

Chromatin

a histone (special protein) with DNA carefully coiled around it

When the nuclear Envelope/membrane bulges out and folds on itself, what does it create?

The smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

covered in ribosomes, built of phospholipid bilayer; make function is protein synthesis (specifically transmembrane proteins)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No ribosomes on it; lipid metabolism; either making fats or breaking them apart

Ribosomes

Granules of protein and RNA; builds proteins by utilizing mRNA; translate information from one language into another

Golgi complex

cisternae (the flattened sacs of phospholipid bilayer like the ER) with the function of carbohydrate synthetsis and the packaging and “shipping” of proteins that were made in the rough ER

What organelle forms the vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

package of enzymes in a single unit membrane (phospholipid bilayer); built by the golgi, designed for intracellular digestion; when these pop in a cell it is the catalyst of autolysis

Autophagy

digestion of worn out organelles

Autolysis

programmed cell death; aka cell suicide switch

What is the purpose of autolysis?

To prevent misbehaving cells from reproducing

Mitochondria

double unit membrane (inner membrane called cristae); function is energy production

What goes into the mitochondria? What comes out?

O2 and carbohydrates go in; CO2, water vapor and ATP come out

What is the production of ATP in the mitochondria called?

Crebs cycle

Is crebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic (it uses O2)

Waht is the space between the cristae in mitochondria called?

Matrix

What does the mitochondria matrix contain?

ribosomes and small circular DNA molecule (mtDNA)

Phagocytosis

cell using plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (how mitochondria were made)

Cytoskeleton

They are fibrous intracellular proteins; structural proteins inside a cell (I.e. keratin); collection of filaments and tubule

4 types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Histology

Microscopic anatomy

Tissue

2 or more cells working together; similar in structure working together

Epithelial Tissue

lines an open space, cavity or opening; no blood vessels; rests on basement membrane

Basement membrane

thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins; anchors epithelium to connective tissue

Simple epithelium

contains one layer of cells; named by shape of cells

Stratified epithelium

contains more than one layer; named by the shape of the apical cells

Apical surface

the layer close to the open space (in epithelium)

Basal surface

epithelial part glued to the basement membrane

What are the 2 variations of stratified epithelium?

Keratinizied, and nonkeratinized

Keratin

Intracellular protein

Collagen

Extracellular protein

Connective tissue

cells are separated by fibers and ground substance (aka extracellular matrix); function is to connect organs, provide support and protection, store energy and produce heat and movement/transportation of materials

What force does ground substance protect against?

Compressive force

What force do fibrous proteins protect against?

Tensile force

Types of fibers

Collagen fibers (designed for strength) , elastic fibers (designed for elasticity) , and reticular fibers (designed for shape and structure)

Chondroblasts

Make the cartilage; makes the extracellular matrix

what is the primary protein found in cartilage?

Collagen

what does collagen resist?

Collagen resists tension!!

types of cartilage

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

most common type found in nose, ribs, larynx, trachea, and fetal skeleton; primarily just made of collagen fibers

Elastic collagen

only found in ear and epiglottis; has collagen fibers and LOTS of elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage

EXTENSIVE amounts of collagen fibers; resists compression and absorbs shock; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and meniscus

Bone

type of connective tissue; ECM composed of rock hard mineralized deposits

Blood

type of connective tissue; plasma is the ECM with nonnucleated erythrocytes, and nucleated white blood cells

Nervous Tissue

neurons and glial cells with function of communication with other cells

Muscle Tissue

elongated cells that can be simulated to contract (shorten); function is to move limbs, push blood through vessels, and expel urine; source of body heat

Smooth muscle

short fusiform cells, nonstriated with no voluntary control

3 types of intracellular junctions

Tight, desmosomes, and gap

Tight junctions

Water-proof, but not strong (think ziplock bag)

Desmosomes

Not water proof/tight, but very strong (think velcro)

Gap Junctions

A ring of transmembrane proteins form a water-filled channel; allow electrical currents to pass through cell to cell

What are intercalated discs made of?

Gap junctions and desmosomes

The layers of the integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

dermis

connective tissue

hypodermis

Connective tissue (fat/adipose)

Functions of the skin

physical barrier to protect from trauma and infection, barrier to UV light, Vit D synthesis, sensory receptors, thermoregulation, and nonverbal communication

cells of the epidermis

stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells and dendritic cells

made by the stem cells in the epidermis

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

what are dendritic cells?

momdified white blood cells found in the epidermis

4 layers of the epithelium (in order from superficial to deep)

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum , stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum basale

Single layer of cells on the basement membrane; contain the stem cells, melanocytes and tactile cells

Stratum spinosum

Keratinocytes and denritic cells live in this layer

stratum granulosum

3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocystes (still living); where the cells begin making the keratin; this is the layer that the skin becomes waterproof due to glycolipids (fat) being released by the cells

stratum corneum

dead keratinized cells; impermeable abrasion resistant layer

Dermis

composed of connective tissue: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and fibrocytes

Dermal Papillae

extensions of the dermis into the epidermis (forms ridges of the fingerprints; purpose is to increase surface area to increase the amount of “glue” ((aka basement membrane) between the layers

Hypodermis

energy reservoir, and thermal insulation; mostly fat/adipose; highly vascular (think subq injections)

Hair

Hard keratin

3 types of hair

lanugo, vellus, and terminal

Lanugo

fetal hair

Vellus

(peach fuzz) children and women

Terminal hair

scalp hair, leg hair, armpits groin, etc..

Where is hair follicle located? what layer of the skin?

The epidermis; creates a pocket.

Is hair follicle superficial or deep to the epidermis?

Superficial

Pilorector muscle

smooth muscle that creates goosebumps

Functions of hair

parasite detection, UV protection (head hair), guard hairs (eyebrows, eyelashes, nose/ear hairs)

Sweat gland types

apocrine and eccrine

Apocrine glands

sweat gland that produces sweat with fatty acids in them; released sweat in response to stress or sex, NOT temperature

Eccrine glands

sweat glands that produces sweat in response to temperature (thermoregulation)

sebaceous glands

produce sebum, always associated with a hair follicle

types of skin cancer

basal cell carcinoma(least dangerous) , squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma (most dangerous)

Function of flat bones

To protect soft organs

Parts of a long bone

epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, spongy bone and Compact bone

Where do the stem cells live in bone?

the live in the spongy bone

How is flat bone constructed

spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

osteoblasts

build the bone matrix (called deposition)

What is the ECM of bone composed of?

• minerallized deposits : ground substance

• collagen fibers : fibrous proteins

What are the stem cells that form bone called? where do they live?

Osteogenic cells; live directly under the periosteum and the endosteum

Osteocytes

osteoblasts that becomes trapped in the matrix they formed; osteoclasts take away the calcium from bone; multinucleated; they have lots of surface area

Hypercalcemia

Too much blood calcium; osteoblasts deposit “deposition” the calcium from the blood onto the bone; can lead to an underactive/reduced nervous system