PSY122 EXAM 1 (CH 1-5)

What are the 4 Ds (and 5th D) for diagnosing psychological disorders?

deviance from norm of experience, distress a hallmark feature in most disorders, dysfunction impairment in daily function, danger moreso to self than others, duration most are 6 months

To what attribute did ancient societies attribute disordered behavior? What was trephination and why was it used?

attributed to evil spirits, holes in skull used to let spirits out

What was Hippocrates’ explanation of psychopathology? Why was it significant?

said mental illness had natural (biological) causes (the four humors yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm) being out of balance

What view of psychopathology returned in the middle ages Europe?

attributing it to evil/demonic causes

What factors led to the rise in asylums during the Renaissance period?

humane/caring treatment rose and promoted individual welfare and dignity- intended as a place of refuge for those with mental health needs

What led to a reversal in mental health care in the mid-19th century?

mental hospitals were providing minimal care because of overcrowding, money and staff shortages, poor recovery rates, and an emergence of prejudice

What is the somatogenic perspective? How did it gain momentum?

psychopathology has physical causes, rebirthed by emil kraepelin and new biological discoveries (that syphilis can cause cognitive symptoms if untreated called general paresis- ppl realized treating syphilis also relieved mental symptoms)

What is the psychogenic perspective? How did it gain momentum?

psychopathology has psychological causes, gained popularity with hypnotism (Mesmer treated hysterical disorders w/ mesmerism, Breuer caused and cured symptoms w/ hypnosis, Freud had psychoanalysis and outpatient therapy)

What was deinstitutionalization and what decade did it occur? What were the reasons, and the consequences?

the drastic decrease in the number of patients in mental hospitals in 1950s, bc of new psychotropic meds being discovered (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety) and outpatient care/community mental health approaches weren’t meeting needs, many formerly in mental hospitals became homeless or imprisoned

Multicultural psychology

incorporate how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and other similar factors can affect behavior/thought, and how people of different () may differ psychologically

Positive psychology: what is it and what factors relate to happiness?

the study of what makes life worth living- how people can flourish and live well, positive emotions/engagement/relationships/meaning and purpose/accomplishments (PERMA)

Today’s 6 leading theories

psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, developmental psychopathology

What theory model is integrative?

biopsychosocial (I think??)

Pros/cons of technology in relation to mental health

presents new triggers and vehicles of expression for symptomatic behavior, leads to shorter attention spans, increase in tele-mental health services/mental health apps, enormous amount of misinformation

Case study: what is it, what are strengths/weaknesses?

detailed description of an individual person’s life and psychological problems… source of new ideas abt behavior/discoveries, can tentatively support a theory, introduce new therapeutic techniques, can study unusual problems that do not permit large scale study bc of rarity… observer and subject bias, subjective evidence = low internal validity, little basis for generalization = low external validity

Correlation

degree to which events/characteristics vary with each other

Correlation coefficient

r is between -1 and 1, shows strength of a correlation where 0 is no correlation

What are advantages of correlational research?

high external validity (findings can be generalized), studies can be replicated with other samples

Experimental method

research where a variable is manipulated and the effect on another variable is observed… preferred when possible

Why do researchers use masked design?

it controls the placebo effect since people don’t know what group they’re in (experimental or control)

Why are alternative experimental designs used in research?

they are used when other methods are impractical, unethical, or otherwise unsuitable

How does the IRB protect human participant rights, and what are those rights?

they are an ethics committee designed to protect the rights/safety of human research participants… voluntary participation, informed consent, benefits of study outweigh risks/costs, protection from physical/psychological harm, access to info about study, privacy protected

What are WEIRD participants and why are results not generalizable?

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic… positivity bias, conflicts of interest

Statistical vs clinical significance

seeks to say an event probably didn’t happen by chance vs. seeking to prove something did happen in a particular, measured manner`

How does the biological model of psychopathology explain psych disorders?

malfunctioning physical problems in brain/nervous system (anatomy, chemistry, circuitry) bc of genetics, accidents, illness/disease… abrnormal activity in certain neurotransmitters (i.e. low serotonin = depression)… abnormal activity in endocrine system (hormones i.e. cortisol = anxiety/mood disorders)

What therapies are used in the biological model?

#1 is psychotropic meds… brain stimulation (ECT or TMS), psychosurgery (neurosurgery)- deep brain stimulation

Components of classical vs operant conditioning

learned associations through repeated/strong pairings (Pavlov) unconditioned stimulus = naturally triggers response (food triggers salivation), unconditioned response = natural response from unc stim (salivation from food), conditioned stimulus = previously neutral stimulus that now triggers response (bell triggers salivation), conditioned response = learned response from conditioned stim (salivation after bell) vs reinforcement/punishment (consequences) of behavior (Skinner)

Explain operant conditioning

operant behavior behaves on the environment and produces a consequence… actions followed by reinforcement increase (behavior strengthened), those followed by punishment decrease (behavior weakened)… positive = smthn is added, negative = smthn is taken away

What are equifinality and multifinality?

individuals start out different but end with the same psychopathology… individuals start out with mostly the same risk factors but end with different psychopathology