AP Modern World History Unit 2 test

Economic and Cultural Consequences of Trade Networks

Trade networks spread goods, wealth, technologies, religions, languages, ideas, and diseases between different regions.

Economic Consequences of Trade

Increased wealth, commercial activity, specialization, and the growth of cities and trading centers.

Cultural Consequences of Trade

Spread of religions, languages, traditions, technologies, and ideas through cultural diffusion.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of ideas, beliefs, customs, and technologies from one culture to another.

Silk Roads

Overland trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Indian Ocean Maritime Trade

Sea-based trade network connecting East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes crossing the Sahara Desert that connected North Africa with West Africa.

Mediterranean Maritime Trade

Sea-based trade network connecting Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia through the Mediterranean Sea.

Hanseatic League

A commercial alliance of northern European trading cities that worked together to protect and expand trade.

Incan Roads

An extensive road network connecting different parts of the Inca Empire, used for communication, transportation, and government control.

Mississippian Trade Routes

Networks connecting communities in North America that exchanged goods such as shells, copper, pottery, and agricultural products.

Dhows

Arab sailing ships with triangular sails used for trade across the Indian Ocean.

Lateen Sails

Triangular sails that allowed ships to sail more effectively against the wind.

Magnetic Compass

A navigation tool that helped sailors determine direction while traveling.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars.

Treasure Ships

Large Chinese ships used during Zheng He's voyages to transport goods, people, and diplomatic gifts.

Camel Saddle

A special saddle that allowed camels to carry heavy loads across the Sahara Desert more efficiently.

Stern-Post Rudder

A steering device attached to the back of a ship that improved navigation and control.

Caravanserai

Caravanserai, Roadside inns where merchants and travelers could rest, store goods, and find protection along trade routes.

Passports

Official documents used to identify travelers and sometimes grant permission to travel through certain territories.

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire who united Mongol tribes and began expanding the empire through military conquest.

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan who established the Yuan Dynasty in China and completed the Mongol conquest of China.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar and traveler from Morocco who traveled throughout Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, documenting cultures and societies.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler who traveled to China and wrote about his experiences under Kublai Khan.

Zheng He

Chinese Muslim admiral who led large naval expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean to expand trade, diplomacy, and China's influence.

Mongol Empire

A massive empire founded by Genghis Khan that eventually stretched across much of Eurasia.

Mongol Expansion

The Mongols expanded through military conquest, skilled horseback warfare, organized armies, and effective military strategies.

Mongol Trade Routes

The Mongols controlled large portions of the Silk Roads, connecting East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Positive Consequences of Mongol Rule

Increased trade, safer travel, improved communication, cultural exchange, and the movement of technologies and knowledge.

Negative Consequences of Mongol Rule

Destruction of cities, loss of life, population displacement, and the spread of diseases such as the bubonic plague.

Pax Mongolica

A period of relative peace and stability across Mongol-controlled territories that encouraged trade and cultural exchange.

Khanate System

The division of the Mongol Empire into four major territories ruled by different descendants of Genghis Khan.

Four Mongol Khanates

Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, and Yuan Dynasty.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate that controlled parts of Russia and Eastern Europe.

Chagatai Khanate

Mongol khanate that controlled Central Asia.

Ilkhanate

Mongol khanate that controlled Persia and parts of the Middle East.

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol-led dynasty in China established by Kublai Khan.

Swahili City-States

Independent coastal trading cities in East Africa that became wealthy through Indian Ocean trade.

Bantu Origins

African peoples whose migration and languages helped form the foundation of Swahili culture.

Arabic Origins

Arab merchants brought Islamic religion, Arabic vocabulary, and trade connections to East African coastal communities.

Swahili Language

A language that developed from Bantu languages with significant Arabic influence due to trade and cultural interaction.

Swahili Resources

Gold, ivory, enslaved people, iron, and other African goods traded with merchants from Asia and the Middle East.

Cultural Influences on Swahili City-States

A combination of African Bantu traditions, Arab influences, and Islamic beliefs.

Bubonic Plague

A deadly infectious disease that spread through Afro-Eurasia during the 1300s and became known as the Black Death.

Cause of the Bubonic Plague

The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which spread primarily through infected fleas associated with rodents.

Spread of the Bubonic Plague

The disease spread along trade networks, especially the Silk Roads, and through ships and other transportation routes.

Effects of the Bubonic Plague

Massive population decline, labor shortages, economic disruption, and social changes throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

Economic Effects of the Black Death

Labor shortages gave surviving workers greater bargaining power and contributed to changes in wages and labor systems.

Champa Rice

A fast-ripening and drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that spread to China and helped increase agricultural production.

Sugar

A valuable cash crop grown on plantations and traded across Afro-Eurasian networks.

Cotton

A valuable crop used to produce textiles that became an important trade good.

Spices

Valuable products such as pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg that were traded across the Indian Ocean.

Silk

A luxury fabric produced primarily in China and traded along the Silk Roads.

Porcelain

Fine ceramic goods produced in China and traded throughout Afro-Eurasia.

Gold

A valuable metal traded extensively through Trans-Saharan trade networks, especially from West Africa.

Salt

An essential mineral traded across the Sahara, particularly between North Africa and West Africa.

Ivory

A valuable material from elephant tusks traded from Africa to other regions.

Horses

Animals traded across regions and used for transportation, warfare, and agriculture.

Camels

Animals essential for Trans-Saharan trade because they could travel long distances through desert environments.

Cash Crops

Crops grown primarily to be sold or traded rather than consumed by the farmers who produced them.

Religious Exchange

The spread of religions through merchants, missionaries, travelers, and migration.

Islam

A monotheistic religion that spread throughout Africa and Asia partly through merchants traveling along trade networks.

Buddhism

A religion that spread from India into Central Asia, China, and other parts of Asia through trade and missionaries.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion that spread into different regions through missionaries, merchants, and migration.

Hinduism

A major Indian religion that influenced Southeast Asian societies through trade and cultural exchange.

Syncretism

The blending of different religious or cultural beliefs and traditions into a new or combined practice.

Polytheism

The belief in and worship of multiple gods.

Monotheism

The belief in one God.

Diaspora

A community of people living outside their original homeland while maintaining connections to their culture and traditions.

Diasporic Communities

Groups of merchants and migrants who settled in foreign regions and spread their languages, religions, customs, and goods.

Malacca

A major trading city in Southeast Asia located along the Strait of Malacca that connected Indian Ocean and South China Sea trade.

Strait of Malacca

A narrow waterway between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra that served as a major trade passage connecting the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

Constantinople

A major Byzantine trading city located between Europe and Asia that controlled important trade routes between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

Kashgar

An important Silk Roads trading city in Central Asia where merchants exchanged goods and connected different trade routes.

Samarkand

A wealthy Central Asian trading city along the Silk Roads known for commerce and cultural exchange.

Zheng He's Voyages

Seven major Chinese naval expeditions from 1405 to 1433 that traveled throughout the Indian Ocean to establish diplomatic relationships and demonstrate China's power.

Purpose of Zheng He's Voyages

To expand Chinese influence, establish diplomatic relationships, encourage trade, and collect tribute from foreign rulers.

Chinese Treasure Fleets

Large fleets of ships that carried soldiers, sailors, diplomats, and valuable goods during Zheng He's expeditions.

Tributary System

A Chinese diplomatic and trade system in which foreign rulers recognized China's superiority and presented tribute in exchange for trade opportunities and diplomatic recognition.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644 after overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.

Ming Isolationism

The Ming Dynasty's decision to reduce overseas exploration and restrict certain foreign trade and contact.

Reasons for Ming Isolationism

High costs of naval expeditions, threats from northern nomadic groups, concerns about foreign influence, and a desire to focus on internal stability and agriculture.

Effects of Ming Isolationism

Reduced government-sponsored overseas exploration and a greater focus on domestic affairs, although private and regional trade continued.