Historical Truth, Historiography, and Philippine History Reviewer

50 vocabulary flashcards covering historical methodology, historiography schools of thought, key primary and secondary Philippine history sources, and historic Philippine controversies.

Triangulation Method

The practice of gathering and comparing multiple sources about the same event to check consistency and validity.

Historicists

A 19th-century school of thought associated with Von Ranke, believing history can be reconstructed as it actually happened through free will and complimented by Positivism.

Accidentalist

A school of historical thought believing that accidents drive historical events and focusing on why an event happens.

Intentionalist

A school of historical thought that recognizes the intentions and personalities of key historical figures as well as their roles in influencing history.

Hegelian

A school of thought associated with Hegel stating that every historical event was a result of relentless advancements and movements of ideas.

Marxist

A school of thought associated with Karl Marx arguing that history is influenced by economic forces and conflict and exploitation among social classes.

Structuralist

A school of historical thought believing that historical changes occurred due to political and military structures.

Annales

A French school of thought focusing on long-term trends, social trends, geography, and mentalities of the common people with less attention to politics or famous people.

Post-Modernist

A late 20th-century school of thought associated with Foucault, arguing that all sources are biased and incomplete, making all interpretations valid.

Pantayong Pananaw

A school of thought asserting that language is central to discourse and promoting the perspective that Filipino history must be written by and for Filipinos.

Gottschalk (1969)

The historian who formulated the concept that only a fraction of observed events are remembered, recorded, survived, and ultimately brought to a historian's attention.

Primary Sources

First-hand accounts or objects produced by a contemporary person of the past, such as documents, artefacts, oral narratives, and movements of people.

Secondary Sources

Narratives and works representing a historian's interpretation and analysis of primary sources, produced by someone who did not witness the event.

External Criticism

A process of historical criticism that examines the physical form and authenticity of a historical source.

Internal Criticism

A process of historical criticism that examines the credibility, truthfulness, and believability of a source's content.

Contextual Analysis

The study of circumstances, motivations, and social, religious, economic, and political conditions behind a historical source to avoid judging the past by present standards.

Content Analysis

An analysis focusing on the meaning, messages, themes, and characteristics of the content inside a source to form inferences and conclusions.

Relevance

The connection readers draw between the past and present to yield insights and lessons useful for contemporary situations.

Antonio Pigafetta

An Italian scholar of astronomy, geography, and cartography who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan's expedition as his assistant and authored 'The 1st Voyage Around the World'.

Fray Juan de Plasencia

A Franciscan friar missionary who extensively observed and recorded local communities in Southern Tagalog, authoring 'The Customs of the Tagalog'.

Maharlika

The freemen class in pre-colonial Tagalog society according to Fray Juan de Plasencia's writings.

Aliping Namamahay

A sub-class of the Alipin (lowest class) in pre-colonial Tagalog social structure.

Aliping Saguiguilid

A sub-class of the Alipin class described in Plasencia's accounts of Tagalog social structure.

Catalonan

A priest or priestess mentioned in Plasencia's account who officiates sacrificial feasts for the devil.

Mangagayoma

A term defined in Plasencia's account referring to master seducers who use charms and potions.

Magtatangal

A figure described in Plasencia's account of devil priests that walks around at night without a head.

Silagan

A figure described by Plasencia that tears and devours the livers of individuals wearing white.

Emilio Jacinto

Known as the 'Brains of the Katipunan' and author of the 'Kartilla ng Katipunan'.

Kartilla ng Katipunan

A foundational Katipunan document outlining 14 guiding principles focused on values, morality, nationalism, and equality.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Magdalo faction and the first president of the First Philippine Republic, author of 'Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan'.

Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan

A 49-chapter memoir written by Emilio Aguinaldo covering his childhood, political career, revolution, Tejeros Convention, and Bonifacio's death.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Author of the Declaration of Philippine Independence established on June 12, 1898, at Kawit, Cavite.

Declaration of Philippine Independence

Document signed by 98 delegates on June 12, 1898, proclaiming Filipino rights to freedom and marking the first unfurling of the PH flag and playing of the national anthem.

Political Caricatures of the American Era

A compiled work of editorial cartoons from three newspapers and one magazine, authored by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces, illustrating Philippine socio-political life.

The Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

A secondary document compiled in Zaide's collection outlining 21 specific executive abuses alleged against Governor Wood.

Teodoro Locsin Jr.

The writer of President Corazon Aquino's historic address delivered before the US Congress on September 18, 1986.

President Corazon Aquino

The 1st female president of the Republic of the Philippines, who delivered a landmark speech to the US Congress six months after taking office.

The Raiders of the Sulu Sea

A historical documentary film by Oak 3 Films detailing slave-raiding activities of the Sama-Balanguingui and Ilanun/Iranun under the Sultanate of Sulu.

Lanong

One of the earliest classic seafaring vessels used by Southern Filipinos as highlighted in 'The Raiders of the Sulu Sea'.

Garay

A classic seafaring vessel of Southern Filipinos featured in the documentary 'The Raiders of the Sulu Sea'.

Salisipan

A small, sophisticated vessel used by Southern Filipinos described in 'The Raiders of the Sulu Sea'.

Fort Pilar

A Spanish fortification critical to defending free trading activities in Southeast Asia against Sulu sea raids.

Francisco Albo

A pilot whose logbook records a cross being erected on a mountain top overlooking Camiguin, Bohol, and Lapinig, cited as evidence for Limasawa.

Mazau

The site of a 7-day event recorded by Pigafetta, argued to refer to Limasawa due to the omission of the prefix 'Li'.

Jose Montero y Vidal

A Spanish historian who claimed the Cavite Mutiny was a grand conspiracy influenced by foreign propaganda and democratic ideals.

Rafael de Izquierdo

The Spanish Governor-General who echoed Vidal's claims that the Cavite Mutiny was an organized criminal insurrection against Spanish policies like tribute and polo.

Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

A Filipino scholar who argued that the Cavite Mutiny was a simple labor dispute triggered by repressive local policies and removal of worker privileges.

Dr. Pascual

A researcher who analyzed the handwriting, letter forms, and signature traits of Rizal's alleged retraction letter and concluded it was a forgery.

Pio Valenzuela

A Katipunan leader who testified that the 'Cry' occurred at Pugad Lawin at the house of Juan Ramos on August 23, 1896.

Guillermo Masangkay

A Katipunan member who stated that the 'Cry' took place in Balintawak at the house of Apolonio Samson.