Epigenetics

Brockport Bio304/305 Exam 3

Haploinsufficiency

Heterozygous mutant phenotype

Null mutation

no gene function

hypomorphic

reduced gene function - partial loss

hypermorphic

increased gene activity

dominant negative

disrupts normal protein function

neomorphic

new gene activity or function

LOF

gene activity decreases or disappears

GOF

gene activity increases or changes

incomplete penetrance

not everyone with the genotype expresses the phenotype

pleiotropy

one gene affects multiple traits

Retrotransposons

RNA intermediate and reverse transcriptase

phototroph

makes all necessary nutrients

auxotroph

has a mutation and needs nutrients

transformation

bacteria take up free DNA from environment

transduction

bacteriophage carries bacterial DNA

conjugation

DNA transfers between bacteria through contact

Hfr

f factor integrated into chromosome

Lac Operon

controls whether bacteria make proteins needed to use lactose

lacl

gene that makes repressor

promoter

whether RNA polymerase binds

laco

whether repressor binds

structural genes

codes for proteins that help use lactose

repressor

blocks transcription when bound to operator

Lactose is absent

repressor binds to operator, rna polymerase is blocked, and operon is off

lactose present

delivered allolactose binds the repressor, repressor releases operator, trnascription can occur, operon is on

test cross

a recessive genotype

transposase

the ac enzyme needed in transposons to jump

same sense resolution

non crossover chromosomes

opposite sense resolution

crossover on chromosomes cut inside and outside x

PAM

protospacer adjacent motif

sgRNA

tracrRNA and crRNA

Bacterial cell able to take up DNA from evnironment

competent