Bio Test 4

Cell cycle

entire life of cells between cell divisions

Interphase (mitosis)

the growing or mature cell; not part of cell division; G1, S1, G2

G1 is a period of?

High metabolism

S1?

synthesis; doubles the amount of DNA in the cell

G2 is when?

cell is getting ready to divide; making proteins that form the mitotic spindle

cell division formula

mitosis or meiosis + cytokinesis

cell division

division of the cell and division of the cytoplasm me

meiosis

one original parent cell divides twice and produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells

Haploid

1n

Diploid

2n

Humans diploid number?

46 = 2n

Humans haploid number?

23 = 1n

mitosis

division of one original parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

Prophase (in mitosis)

longest phase in mitosis; nucleus breaks down

prometaphase (in mitosis)

chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle

metaphase (mitosis)

chromosomes line up on the dividing plain of the cell by their centromeres

when is the mitotic spindle most formed?

metaphase

anaphase (mitosis)

sister chromatids pull apart and form daughter chromosomes and move to opposite poles of cell

telophase (in mitosis)

nucleus reappears, everything restarts

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides

actin

special protein that is in muscle tissue

karyogram or karyotpye

image of all chromosomes of an individual taken during metaphase

XX = ?

female

XY = ?

male

which chromosomes are larger, X or Y?

X

another name for fertilization

syngamy

what produces embryo

zygote

Prophase 1

leads to genetic diversity (nucleus disappears)

metaphase 1

homologous chromosome pairs line up along the dividing plane of the cell, but NOT by their centromeres

anaphase 1

homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, but sister chromatids stay together

meiosis 2

identical to mitosis

nondisjunction

leads to change in the number of chromosomes; failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis 1

turner syndrome- XO

2n= 45 chromosomes

only one X chromosome

potentially have an average lifespan

female, short, infertile, heart conditions, intellect

klinefelter syndrome- XXY

2n= 47 chromosomes

males show secondary sex characteristics of females: lack of facial hair, small sex organs, breast enlargement, tall, big hands, infertile

Jacob’s syndrome- XYY

2n= 47 chromosomes

can go more than 3 chromosomes= XYYY

tall, testosterone, mood swings, prolonged acne, developmental delays

Metafemale syndrome- poly X female- XXX

2n= 47 chromosome

can go to XXXX

looks like any other woman

taller, developmental delays, infertile

down syndrome- trisomy 21

2n= 47 chromosomes

3 chromosomes at 21st pair in this condition

autosomal condition

duplication

part of chromosome breaks off, then reattaches to the other chromosome in the same homologous pair; same characteristics read twice on same chromosome

inversion

part of a chromosome breaks away, rotates, and reattaches to the same chromosome

translocation

part of a chromosome breaks apart, moves to a non-homologous pair of chromosomes

plasmid

extra genetic material floating around- can be inserted or removed from main chromosomes

gene

inherited unit, a specific order of nucleotides on DNA that codes for a certain protein

DNA _______ RNA

transcribes (DNA synthesis)

RNA ________ Protein

translates (protein synthesis)

DNA replicates in what phase of interphase?

S

Allele

alternative form of gene

Mendel’s first law

alleles separate during gamete formation