infectious equine neurologic disease

EPM can be caused by what protozoal parasites

• S. neurona

• N. Hughesii

What helminth agents can cause neurological signs

H. gingivalis

Helminths can cause neurological signs through ____________

aberrant parasite migration

What are the disease manifestations for EHV-1

• respiratory disease

• abortions

• neurologic disease

Neurologic signs caused by EHV typically only occur with the __________

neuropathogenic strain

The neuropathogenic strain of EHV1 has ___________ which allows it to cause neurological signs

increased replicative efficiency of virus

EHV is _______ to the US

endemic

The best way to manage a horse with EHV is to __________ them

isolate

since EHV is an ________ you are able to easily clean them off surfaces

enveloped virus

Typically a ______ will precede other clinical signs of EHV1 infection

fever

To diagnose EHV what diagnostics must you use?

• nasal swab

• whole blood pcr

No vaccine can prevent ________ or the neurologic signs of EHV

EHM

The primary vector of WNV is _________ and the amplifying hosts are ________

• mosquitoes

• birds

Most horses with WNV will be _______

asymptomatic

Horses that do develop WNV disease will have what most common signs

• fever

• variable neurologic signs

In horses WNV has pronounced _____ which leaves no lesions in the _______

• neurotropism

• extra neural tissue

WNV horses have a uniquely intense ________ response that lasts _________

• igM

• 6 weeks

Horses that have died can have what diagnostics run to find WNV

• PCR

• IHC on CNS tissue

WNV is a ________ disease and horses are not considered an ________ for humans

• zoonotic

• sentinel species

is there a vaccine for WNV

yes

What are the 3 types of equine encephalitis virus

• western

• eastern

• Venezuelan

What lineage of eastern equine encephalitis is endemic in north America and is most human disease cases

type 1 eastern equine encephalitis

what lineage of eastern equine encephalitis is primarily an equine disease in central and south America

type 2a,2b and 3 eastern equine encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis is most common in the ___________ states of the united states

southeastern

Eastern equine encephalitis has a high case ___________ rate and is not considered a _________ for humans directly

• fatality

• zoonotic

Due to eastern equine encephalitis virus not being highly ____________ it is not likely to infect feeding mosquitoes

viremic

What states have had recent intense focal disease activity of EEE

• ohio

• michigan

You are likely to contract EEE if you are around ____________

freshwater hardwood swamps

In EEE epidemics horses are considered a ________ species and contract _______ disease

• sentinel

• severe

EEE has a _______ presentation and will mostly happen in _________

• seasonal

• late summer or early fall

The first clinical manifestation of EEE in horses is a ______ after an incubation period of _______________

• fever

• 2 days -3 weeks

Upon histopathology of a horse diagnosed with EEE you found that the basal ganglia and brain stem had ___________ cells and the over histology displayed profound _________

• early AG+

• inflammatory response

what diagnostics should you run if suspecting EEE

• paired IgM titers of blood and CSF

• virus isolation form neural tissue

A useful diagnostic on EEE is that on CSF analysis there should be ______________ present

neutrophilic pleocytosis

The best way to prevent EEE is through what methods

• vector control

• Vaccination

horses are a ____ host for EEE

dead end

Equine disease only predicts human disease for ________

VEE

EEE is a ________ disease according to Ohio code

reportable

Horses get EPM due to being ________ hosts of protozoal parasites they consume when ____ contaminates their feed and water

• aberrant

• feces

_________ is a protozoal parasite that causes PEM whose definitve host is a opossum

S. neurona

only approximately ____ of horses develop clinical illness after being exposed to S. seroma

1%

What are the most common signs of EPM

• asymmetry

• atrophy

• ataxia

The less common signs of EPM are focused on what areas of the brain

brainstem

Is there a definitive ante mortem test for EPM

no

The best way to diagnose EPM you must find the _____ in gray matter during an autopsy

organisms

What are 3 ways we can approximate if a horse has EPM

• appropriate clinical signs

• confirm exposure to parasite through blood and CSF

• rule out other causes for clinical signs

It is imperative when trying to diagnose EPM to test what at the same time?

• blood

• CSF

Does a horse with positive antibody titers for S. neurona in the blood mean that it has EPM when assessing its neurological signs

no

If there are more antibodies to parasites in the CSF than the blood then what does this mean about the likelihood that the horse has EPM and the clinical signs are caused by that

Increased likelihood

EHV-1 is spread mainly through _______ and ______

• aerosols

• fomites

A horse with involuntary facial tremors brings what disease to the top of your differential list

WNV