(11) social psych

what did alloy and abrasion find with their depression-button pushing experiment (control)

depressed students had accurate estimations of their control while non-depressed students judgement was distorted

true or false: depressed people are more attuned to both others’ feelings and their memories/judgements

true

define depressive realism

the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate (rather than self-serving) judgements, attributions, and predictions

what is another name for depressive realism

the sadder but wiser effect

true or false: depressed people are more likely to believe they’re the cause of negative events

true

define explanatory style

one’s habitual way of explaining life events

what does a negative explanatory style attribute failures to

to causes that are stable, global, and internal

what does stable mean (explanatory style)

it’s going to last forever

what does global mean (explanatory style)

it’s going to affect everything that i do

what does internal mean (explanatory style)

it’s all my fault

what is the result of a depressive explanatory style

a depressing sense of hopelessness

true or false: mood modifies memories and colors our thinking

true

what did hirt and colleagues learn about how moods can darken thinking (basketball)

after a loss, people offered bleaker assessments not only about the team’s future but also their own

how does short-term depression make us adaptive

slows us down to allow us to gain insight

how do depressed people respond to bad events

with intense rumination and self-blame

what is the outcome when stress-induced rumination is faltered through a negative explanatory style

depression

with sacks and bungental, what happened to those with a pessimistic explanatory style when they got acquainted with a stranger who was cold

they felt depressed and behaved more antagonistically toward the next people they met

negative thinking = negative mood = …

negative behavior

what gender is depressing rumination more common with

women

who created the psychological understanding of depression

lewinsohn and colleagues

what are the qualities that are essential link to a depressive cycle

negative self-image, attributions, and expectations

true or false: depression is both a cause and result of negative cognitions

true

what is the vicious, depressive cycle that lewinsohn speaks about

negative experience = self-focus and self-blame = depressed mood = cognitive and behavioral consequences

what did seligman believe helped explain the high levels of depression today

self-focus and self-blame

what breeds hopelessness (on a sociological level)

the decline of religion and family with the growth of individualism

what is loneliness

the painful awareness that our social relationships are less numerous than we desire

the feeling of loneliness often…

increases later in life but feels more painful in early adulthood

how does loneliness increase the risk of health problems

affects stress hormones, immune activity, and inflammation

true or false: social isolation increased risk of death about as much as smoking (and more than obesity or inactivity)

true

how do chronically lonely people’s explanatory style work

they think they make poor impressions, blame themselves for poor relationships, and see most things as beyond their control

socially insecure people often behave in ways that…

produce the very social rejection they fear

define self-presentation theory

a theory that assumes we are eager to present ourselves in a way that make a good impression

in what situations do we feel the most anxious

with high-status people, evaluative or unstructured contexts, when focused on self-image or self-conscious

when you’re in an anxious situation what is your tendency

to be caustiously self-protective

what do self-conscious/shy people do

over-personalize situations and are conscious of their self-consciousness

who are most prone to the spotlight effect

shy and self-conscious people

what symptoms can serve as self-handicapping functions

anxiety and alcohol abuse

what did brondt and zimbardo find in their experiment with shy people

when you provide an explanation for anxiety and therefore possible failure, the shyness removes itself

what are the four psychotherapy techniques that are recommended

behavioral therapy, assertiveness training, rational-emotional behavior therapy, and self-help groups

what will behavioral therapy do for depressed/anxious people

use the theory that their inner disposition will change after the behavior changes

what will assertiveness training do for depressed/shy people

allow them to gradually implement assertive behaviors in their everyday life through learned role-play

what will rational-emotional behavior therapy do for depressed/shy people

teach them how to act in new ways that will generate new emotions

what will self-help groups do for depressed/shy people

subtly induce participants to behave in new ways in front of a group

what do all the psychotherapy techniques share the common assumption of

we can influence them directly through our behavior

how can (generally) therapy help with social skill training

you gain confidence and therefore a more positive self-perception develops