PLTW Unit 1 - bones vocab

Abdominal

Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs.

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow.

Axillary

Armpit region.

Brachial

Arm region from shoulder to elbow.

Buccal

Cheek region.

Calcaneal

Heel of the foot.

Carpal

Wrist region.

Cephalic

Head region.

Cervical

Neck region.

Coxal

Hip region.

Digital

Fingers or toes.

Femoral

Thigh region.

Gluteal

Buttock region.

Inguinal

Groin region.

Lumbar

Area of the back between ribs and hips.

Nasal

Nose area.

Occipital

Posterior aspect of the head.

Olecranal

Posterior surface of the elbow.

Oral

Mouth region.

Orbital

Eye cavity region.

Patellar

Anterior knee cap region.

Pelvic

Pelvis region.

Popliteal

Posterior knee area.

Sacral

Region between the hips, posterior to the pelvis.

Scapular

Shoulder blade region.

Sternal

Breastbone area.

Tarsal

Ankle region.

Thoracic

Chest region.

Umbilical

Navel area.

Vertebral

Spinal column area.

Cranial Cavity

Space inside the skull containing the brain.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Cavity containing the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Pelvic Cavity

Cavity enclosed by the pelvis containing reproductive and urinary organs.

Ventral Body Cavity

Anterior cavity containing thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.

Thoracic Cavity

Superior ventral cavity containing heart and lungs.

Vertebral Cavity

Cavity running within the vertebral column containing the spinal cord.

Abdominal Cavity

Cavity housing digestive organs.

Abdomino-pelvic Cavity

Combined cavity containing abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Coronal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into left and right parts.

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

Median Plane

Sagittal plane exactly down the midline of the body.

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and girdles.

Anterior, Posterior

Front-facing versus back-facing directions.

Superficial, Deep

Toward the body surface versus away from the body surface.

Distal, Proximal

Farther from versus closer to the point of attachment.

Ventral, Dorsal

Toward the belly versus toward the back.

Inferior, Superior

Below versus above another structure.

Medial, Lateral

Toward versus away from the body midline.

Nervous

Tissue type specialized for transmitting electrical impulses.

Epithelial

Tissue type covering body surfaces and lining cavities.

Muscle

Tissue type specialized for contraction and movement.

Connective

Tissue type that supports, protects, and binds other tissues.

Bone

Hard, mineralized connective tissue forming the skeleton.

Adipose (fat)

Loose connective tissue storing fat for energy and insulation.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones.

Epithelium

Tissue forming linings, coverings, and glandular tissue.

Blood

Fluid connective tissue transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes.

Cartilage

Resilient, semi-rigid connective tissue providing support.

Tendon

Connective tissue cord attaching muscle to bone.

Ligament

Connective tissue band connecting bone to bone.

Nerve

Bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Orbicularis oculi

Sphincter muscle around the eye closing the eyelid.

Orbicularis oris

Circular muscle around the mouth closing and protruding lips.

Temporalis

Fan-shaped muscle over the temporal bone closing the jaw.

Flat Bone

Thin, curved bone providing protection and muscle attachment.

Long Bone

Bone longer than it is wide, acting as levers.

Short Bone

Cube-shaped bone providing stability.

Irregular Bone

Bone with complex shapes not fitting other categories.

Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue containing red bone marrow.

Blood vessel

Tubular structure carrying blood through tissues and organs.

Compact bone

Dense, hard outer bone tissue providing structural strength.

Periosteum

Dense fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bones.

Medullary cavity

Central cavity of long bones containing yellow bone marrow.

Yellow bone marrow

Adipose tissue stored in the medullary cavities of long bones.

Diaphysis (Bone shaft)

Tubular shaft forming the central axis of a long bone.

Epiphysis

Expanded end of a long bone.

Metaphysis

Region of a long bone where diaphysis joins epiphysis.

Femoral Head

Proximal ball-shaped end of the femur articulating with the pelvis.

Femoral Neck

Constricted region connecting the femoral head to the shaft.

Extra-articular

Located outside a joint capsule.

Intra-articular

Located within a joint capsule.

Condyle

Rounded articular projection of a bone.

Smooth muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle found in walls of internal organs.

Cardiac muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle of the heart.

I Band

Light band of a sarcomere containing only actin filaments.

A Band

Dark band of a sarcomere containing overlapping actin and myosin.

H Band

Central region of the A band containing only myosin filaments.

Actin

Thin protein filament involved in muscle contraction.

Myosin

Thick protein filament with heads that bind to actin.

Z disc

Border of a sarcomere where actin filaments are anchored.

Tropomyosin

Regulatory protein blocking myosin-binding sites on actin.

Tropomyosin Complex

Protein complex regulating muscle contraction via calcium interaction.

Sarcomere

Basic functional unit of a striated muscle contraction.

Endomysium

Fine connective tissue wrapping around individual muscle fibers.

Epimysium

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire skeletal muscle.

Fascicle

Discrete bundle of muscle cells grouped together.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Myofibril

Rod-like bundle of contractile filaments inside a muscle fiber.