Untitled

levels of biological organization

molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere

biosphere

all of life on Earth and where the life exists

ecosystems

living things in a specific area along with the nonliving things the life interacts with

communities

organisms within an ecosystem

populations

all individuals in a species living in a particular area within a community

organisms

individual living things

organs

made up of multiple tissues and has a specific function in an organism's body

tissues

group of cells that are unified to carry out a function

cells

life's unit of function and structure

organelles

components in cells that aid in cell functions

molecules

chemical structure with two or more atoms

reductionism

reducing complex systems into simpler components for study; zooming in

emergent properties

new properties emerging as we move up the hierarchy of life and as complexity increases; zooming out

systems biology

approach to study of biology that explores interactions between parts of a system that underlie emergent properties; models dynamic behavior within a biological system

2 types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

prokaryotic

no membrane enclosed organelles, no nucleus

eukaryotic

membrane enclosed organelles, nucleus

genes

section of DNA of chromosome; units of hereditary information

what does DNA have

double helix; each chain has 4 nucleotides (ATCG)

genome

genetic material of organism/virus or "library" of genetic instruction

genome sequence

entire sequence of nucleotides for representative member of species

researchers study _ _ of genes rather than a _ _

whole sets, single gene

genomics

studying whole sets of genes, interactions and comparisons within species

proteomics

study of protein sets and properties

proteome

set of protein expressed by organism, tissue or given cell

structure and function

"form and function" there is always a relationship between structure and function on all levels

what domains are prokaryotic?

archae, bacteria

what domain is eukaryotic?

eukarya

genetic info (order)

cells chromosomes DNA genes

DNA replication

necessary for cell division and reproduction; allows for the passage of genetic info from parents to offspring

nucleotide

building block of nucleic acids

DNA function

responsible for "gene expression"

bioinformatics

computer technology used to store, organize, and analyze large volume of genetic data

life requires the _ and _ of energy and matter

transfer transformation

energy usually enters as _ and exits as _

light heat

there is a _ _ flow of energy in an ecosystem

one way

energy flow in ecosystem

sun producers photosynthesis glucose cellular respiration ATP

chemical elements are recycled back to the environment by

decomposers

evolution

the core theme of biology; the scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life

hierarchy of classification

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

3 domain system

bacteria archae eukarya

how many species named?

1.8 million

reevaluation of classification

biochemistry

2 main points (Charles Darwin's book)

descent with modification and how natural selection is the mechanism for evolution

descent with modification

species obtain differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

3 observations (Darwin)

individuals express inheritable variation within population, populations can produce far more offspring than can survive (competition), species are generally adapted to their environment

tree of life

biologists diagram evolutionary relationships in a branching "tree-like" fashion

finches from the Galapagos Islands

Darwin supported the idea of multiplication of new species by observing these

biological inquiry

entails forming and testing hypotheses based on observations of nature

science

from Latin word meaning "to know"

inquiry

a process of searching for new information and explanations of natural phenomena

making observations

process of using senses to gather information

data

recorded observations

quantitative

numerical

qualitative

descriptive

inductive reasoning

drawing conclusions by analyzing observations and making generalizations

hypothesis

an educated, testable statement that attempts to answer the question

deductive reasoning

involves the flow of logic from the general to the specific (ex. predictions for a hypothesis)

limitations of science

science is a powerful tool to understand nature, but there are limitations to the kinds of questions it can answer

a case study in scientific inquiry: investigating coat color in mouse populations

controlled experiment

theory vs hypothesis

theories have a much broader scope than hypotheses and are general enough to spin off many hypotheses, are supported by a great body of evidence

theory can be _ or _ to accommodate new evidence

modified rejected

science as a social process

use of prior research, communication, technology