Modern

What are viruses and how do they differ from bacteria?

Viruses are microscopic pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and cannot be observed using conventional microscopes.

Who discovered viruses and when?

Dmitry Ivanovsky made the discovery of viruses in 1892 while studying tobacco mosaic disease.

What is the significance of antiviral drugs?

Antiviral drugs inhibit the ability of viruses to grow and reproduce, leaving the immune system to fight off the virus.

What did Paul Ehrlich contribute to medical science?

Paul Ehrlich developed the concept of 'magic bullets,' chemical compounds that target and kill bacteria without harming the body.

What was a major concern that arose from the overuse of antibiotics?

The overuse of antibiotics led to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria evolve and develop resistance, making them difficult to treat.

What breakthrough in health was associated with stem cells in 2013?

Stem cells were used to successfully grow the first human liver, which holds potential for regenerative medicine.

What did the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 lead to?

It formed the foundation for modern genetics, paving the way for advancements like gene therapy and genetic screening.

What was the main purpose of the vaccination campaigns in the UK between 1946 and 1969?

They aimed to significantly reduce the spread of diseases like tuberculosis, polio, and rubella by providing free vaccines.

What act established the first job centers to aid the unemployed in the UK?

The Labour Exchanges act established the first job centres in 1909 to help the unemployed find work.

What was the purpose of the Beveridge Report (1942)?

The Beveridge Report aimed to identify key areas of social welfare and proposed measures to free people from disease, want, ignorance, idleness, and squalor.

What medical advancement did Alexander Fleming make in 1928?

Fleming discovered penicillin, which revolutionized medicine and led to the development of antibiotics.

What major public health recommendation was made in 1962 regarding tobacco?

The Royal College of Physicians recommended stopping tobacco companies from advertising cigarettes.

Why did the NHS face initial opposition from doctors?

Many doctors feared losing their independence and income but were eventually allowed to continue private practices.

What was the role of government during breakthroughs in medical science in the 20th century?

The government played a crucial role in funding and supporting medical innovations, especially during the world wars.

What does 'keyhole surgery' refer to?

Keyhole surgery involves performing operations through small incisions to reduce recovery time and infection risk.

Who conducted the first successful heart transplant and when?

Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant in 1967.