Cardiovascular system - seminar!

Why do radiographers need to know about the haematological system?

To predict tumour spread via blood (haematogenous spread) and monitor blood counts during radiotherapy.

What are the three principal functions of blood?

Transportation, regulation, and protection.

What is the average temperature of blood?

38°C (about 1°C higher than oral or rectal body temperature).

What is the name of the process where formed elements of blood develop?

Haemopoiesis.

What two types of stem cells are produced by pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow?

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

What is the structural shape of a red blood cell (RBC)?

Biconcave disc, providing a greater surface area for gas diffusion.

What is the approximate lifespan of a red blood cell?

Approximately 120 days.

Which hormone stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production and is present in higher concentrations in males?

Testosterone.

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Which white blood cells are the most numerous (60-70%) and respond fastest to bacterial tissue destruction?

Neutrophils.

What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

What is the primary function of platelets (thrombocytes)?

To help stop blood loss by forming a platelet plug.

Define Leukopenia.

A low White Blood Cell count.

Define Neutropenic sepsis.

Temperature >=38°C (or >=37.5°C twice in an hour) with a neutrophil count <=1.0x10^9/L or other clinical sepsis signs.

Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum, resting on the diaphragm near the midline of the thoracic cavity.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

Regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.

What are the three structural layers of a generalised blood vessel from innermost to outermost?

Tunica interna (intima), tunica media, and tunica externa (adventitia).

What is the structure and function of capillaries?

Composed of a single endothelial layer and basement membrane; functions to exchange substances between blood and interstitial fluids.

What are the four principal divisions of the aorta?

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.

What is the recommended compression rate for CPR?

100 to 120 beats per minute.