HIST 200 Midterm

How did the indigenous population generally respond to Europeans when they first met them and why?

Native people built communications with the Europeans in order to develop trade and make diplomatic rituals with the Europeans

What did the Europeans hope to gain from the Americas?

Europeans hoped to get a better life in the Americas when they invented ‘America’ and envisioned it as a religious refuge, equal society, and power and glorious place

What forms of unfree labor came to exist in the European colonies in the Americas?

Plantation slavery, indentured servitude, and forced labor

What impact did new interactions have on Western Europeans, Native Americans, and West Africans?

The interactions led to them becoming more likely to fight each other rather than to unite

What was the Native American city North of Mexico and was the largest in the world when Europeans arrived?

Cahokia

Who were the “mound builders” and how did they connect to other societies?

The Native people that built cities and thousands of mounds during the Mississippian era and ruled realms for large houses, halls, temples and chambers built on the top of mounds

What impact did the Little Ice Age have on North American peoples?

Farming became harder so large cities and big governments barely survived

What was the Great League of Peace?

An alliance of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people with male representatives chosen by women of the five (later six) nations to coordinate dealings with the outside people

What were common ideas of property and material wealth by the diverse Indian populations of North America?

Leadership status, gender roles, and generosity

How did Native gender relations compare to those held by most Europeans?

Gender relations in the Natives were more gendered but equal compared to most Europeans

What ideas of religion did Native Americans tend to hold?

Religion was a system of belief that was in every aspect of life and that spiritual power suffused the world, with sacred spirits found everywhere

How did Champlain characterize the responsibilities and behaviors of the women he encountered?

Champlain describes the women (the Wendat) as being very hardworking and had a marriage process at a young age who would find the right partner for them

How did Native American conceptions of freedom differ from the Europeans?

Europeans thought freedom meant abandoning the life of sin to embrace Christ’s teachings unlike the Natives

What political diversity existed in North America and West Africa by the 15th century?

West Africans spoke dozens of different languages and dialects and lived under different political systems with kinship and traditional male and female leaders based on their gender. Native Americans also formed alliances to fight against outsiders and led through persuasion and reciprocity

What drew Europeans to North and West Africa?

The products that sparked interest

How did slavery in Africa differ from the plantation slavery later developed by Europeans?

Slaves in Africa worked within households of owners or public works, and was war-based and religion-based, but not race-based

What was “Christian liberty” as understood by Europeans?

It had no connections to later ideas to religious toleration where people’s religion was tied to the enjoyment of rights in terms of economic, political, and social position

How did European laws define liberties?

Liberty was where men could enjoy benefit, but those who had freedom could only engage in certain activities

What form of slavery existed in Europe prior to the development of plantation slavery? (work on later finding answer)

Who was Zheng He?

An admiral from China who explored coast of East Africa and impress other people with China’s power

What did Zheng He accomplish?

He explored the coast of East Africa on his sixth voyage to impress people with China’s power, while also leading naval expeditions

Which European power initiated extensive exploration of the Atlantic world during the 15th century?

Portugal

Where did Portugal begin to develop plantation slavery?

On the Atlantic islands, replacing Native populations with thousands of enslaved males and females from Africa

How did Christopher Columbus seek to challenge Portugal’s European dominance of Asian trade?

He believed that by sailing westward, he could cross the Atlantic and reach Asia

What motivated the Spanish exploration of the Americas?

The Spanish were inspired by the search for wealth, national glory, and spread of Catholicism

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transatlantic flow of goods and people starting with Columbus’ voyage in 1492

Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and chili peppers were all coming from America to

Afro-Eurasia

Wheat, rice, sugarcane, peaches, watermelons, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep were all brought to the

Americas

What was one of the most damaging effects that were carried by the Europeans during the Columbian Exchange?

Germs

Which European power established the largest empire in the Americas by the mid-16th century?

Spain

Who was the head of the Spanish American government by the mid-16th century?

Lawyers and bureaurats

Who performed most of the labor to generate the wealth in the Spanish empire?

The Indians

What characterized the culture and society of Spanish America in the 16th century?

Spanish America became a hybrid culture with a single official faith, language, and governmental system

How did Europeans justify their conquest of the Americas?

The primary goal was to convert Native people to Catholicism and keep them away from Protestant Christianity and were invested in trying to find more gold in the Americas as a rich resource

The Dominican priest known as ____________________ wrote accounts of brutal Spanish atrocities to the Native people in the Caribbean in the 1520s

Bartolome de Las Casas

How did Bartolome de la Casas describe Spanish treatment of Native Americans?

He described the millions of people being tortured were being done by Christians, and were forced into labor, deprived, and burned alive for punishment with the worst servitude

How did the Spanish government respond to de la Casas’ writings?

Spain issued a proclamation, known as the “New Laws” where Indians were no longer enslaved and established the repartimiento system

Why did the Native people in Mexico welcome Friar Marcos de Niza and his colleagues?

The freed Natives were told that the governor had sent de Niza saying that they would not enslave, attack, or harm them

How extensive were Spanish claims on lands that would later be part of the United States?

The Spanish reached as far as the Pueblos, New Mexico, and southwest U.S. region

Where was the first Spanish permanent colony that is now part of U.S. land?

Puerto Rico

Who was the first African to explore parts of northern Mexico and what is currently modern- southwest U.S.?

Esteban de Dorantes

What did the Spanish establish in Florida?

The Spanish established a fort on St. Augustine, Florida

The uprising known as the ____________ in 1680 led by the allied Pueblo Pope drove Spanish colonists out of New Mexico

Pueblo Revolt

TRUE OR FALSE: Pedro Naranjo listed that the Natives were rebelling, committing crimes, and burned images, temples, crosses, rosaries, and things of worship by killing priests as a result to participate in the Pueblo Revolt

TRUE

What was the impact of the Pueblo Revolt?

The Pueblo Revolt helped inspire revolts across Northern Mexico as a result of Spanish influence

How would France’s settlement in North America in the 17th century be described as?

France settlement was very small at the end of the 17th century, and was mainly focused on fur-trading. The French colonists would also be dependent with Native people

How did the French interact with Native Americans?

The French and Natives worked as allies with military, commercial, and diplomatic relations, making them the most enduring alliance between Indians and Europeans

How did one Gaspesian man challenge French assertions of superiority?

The Gaspesian testified by serving an interpreter where they challenged the advantages that the Indians were living

How did Dutch settlement compare to that of the French?

The Dutch became an international commerce, and was very wealthy with rich culture in art, science, and philosophy and had an empire as far as Indonesia to the Caribbean and South Africa

TRUE OR FALSE: Dutch women were able to retain their separate legal identity and could go to court, borrow money, and own property

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: New Netherland was governed very democratically

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Men were used to sharing property with their wives in the Dutch

TRUE

A historian described the _______ where between or near recognized borders had no group of people complete political or cultural control over it

borderland

TRUE OR FALSE: Boundaries between empires and colonists and Native people and Native nations overlapped to claim authority, which made hybrid cultures develop

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: As a result of borderlands, European empires all brought Christianity and new forms of technology and learning, making legal systems and family relations stronger, but also brought warfare and diseases

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Native nations lost all their power after the overlapping of cultural interactions at any pattern and weakened entirely due to the influence of the Europeans

FALSE

Who visited London in 1584 to meet with the Parliament and the court of Queen Elizabeth, and went to have long conversations with Thomas Hariot about the profitable resources in North America and teach him some of their Algonquian language and then, learned English in return?

Mateo and Wanchese

TRUE OR FALSE: Henry VII had to unify the kingdom after a period of civil war which limited England’s exploration of the Americas in the 16th century

TRUE

Where were the two failed English ventured in North America by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh?

Newfoundland and Roanoke Island

What encouraged English colonization of North America in the 17th century?

England’s long struggle from trying to conquer Ireland which absorbed money and energy directed to the Americas

TRUE OR FALSE: Because England spent so many time trying to conquer Ireland, many resources were not used on England and did not give England enough time to yet settle and explore the Americas.

TRUE

What encouraged England to colonize North America?

They would do the same thing as they did with the Irish, introduce English economic practices, exclude Native population from settlement territory and colonists were able to make their own social order. It was similar to how the Spanish reconquested from the Moors

What percentage of English settlers came as indentured servants?

About two-thirds of them

TRUE OR FALSE: Like slaves, indentured servants were bought and sold, cannot marry without permission of their owner, had physical punishment, and enforced labor by courts. They would be free members of society after a payment and could be free after a period of time

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Although many English settlers became indentured servants, they entailed that many servants did not live through the end of their terms and described life in the Americas less appealing than they had thought

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Many indentured servants anticipated life in the Americas and they thoroughly enjoyed it without facing harsh labor like punishment, and could marry without asking their owners.

FALSE

How did the English interact with the Native Americans compared to other European colonizers?

The English displaced more original Native inhabitants than others and were more interested in displacing the Indians and settling on their land

How did many Eastern Indians initially respond to English settlers?

The Indians were appealed by the English for trading at first with alliance

How did contact with English settlers transform Native American societies?

Native Americans became part of the global trade economy, but led to the English displacing many societies

Where was the first permanent Englsih settlement in what is now the continental United States?

Jamestown

TRUE OR FALSE: The first years of Jamestown settlement based on John Smith’s account were characterized as difficult and had a poor leadership, with lack of proper food and many people dying

TRUE

The forcefel man, known as ___________ before coming to America was known for fighting against Ottoman Turks in Hungary and was enslaved for periods of time and imposed force labor on company lands

John Smith

How did John Smith help the colony of Jamestown to survive?

Rigorous military discipline

This charter granted by James I in 1606 promised all colonists would enjoy “all liberties” of people living in England. Male settlers’ had greater rights than other colonists, while Women’s rights had fewer legal rights than other Europeans

The Virginia Company

TRUE OR FALSE: The Virginia Company had a land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonists who could afford passage to Virginia

TRUE

The land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonists who could afford passage to Virginia that was introduced by the Virginia Company in 1618

Headright system

The first elected assembly in Colonial America, known as the ___________________________ was established in Virginia at 1619 where a charter of grants and liberties was issues. Only landowners that were rich could vote in elections and it was not that democratic

House of Burgesses

The shrewd and forceful Pawmunkey leader from a town near present-day Richmond who was known by his title as a Powhatan, __________ colllected over 100 towns that he called the Powhatans

Wahunsonacock

What did Wahunasock (aka Powhatan) seek at the start from English settlers?

Like others, he seeked for trade with the Europeans that would benefit the people

What role did Pocahontas play in relations between the Powhatan and English settlers?

Pocahontas was an intermediary to help communicate with both the Powhatan and English settlers

What caused the three Anglo-Powhatan Wars?

The English became interested in establishing a colony, instead of trading

What was the result of the Anglo-Powhatan Wars?

The British would win the second war, and by that point on, the balance of power began to shift and colonists would later outnumber Powhatans

Why did the Crown assume control of the colony in 1624?

The Virginia Company gave up control of the colony, and now became part of a royal colony which the King of England was in charge and pick the governor

What crop did Virginia rely on the most?

Tobacco

How did the English view Africans in the 17th century?

They were seen as alien in color, religion, and social practices that were “enslavable” that poor English people were not

How did plantation agriculture shape new kinds of slavery?

It brought large number of workers under the control of a single owner and led to a greater possibility of slave resistance, allowing to encourage a sharp boundary between slavery and freedom

What was the primary agricultural product enslaved Africans produced in the Caribbean and South American colonies?

Sugar

When did Europeans start to bring enslaved Africans to Virginia for the first time?

August 1619

Why did Virginia promote the immigration of women?

The colony had a very unbalanced gender ratio that impacted the patriarchal family system and allowed for “tobacco brides” to come to Virginia for arranged marriages

TRUE OR FALSE: Women would claim dower rights of one-third of her husband’s property if they die before they do

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The vast majority of women who immigrated to the Virginia colony came as plantation slaves

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: The vast majority of women who immigrated to the Virginia colony came as indentured servants

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Chesapeake women in Virginia who were widows or never married took advantage of “feme sole” which was where a woman who enjoyed an independent legal identity and was allowed to make contracts and conduct business

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Chesapeake women in Virginia who were widows or never married took advantage but were not able to make contracts and conduct business if they were never married or widowed

FALSE

What type of colony was Maryland?

Proprietary colony

The son of a recently deceased favorite of Charles I who was Lord Baltimore, ______________ who hoped to create Maryland as a feudal domain and had "full, free, and absolute power

Cecil Calvert

TRUE OR FALSE: The main difference between land ownership for indentured servants in Maryland from Virginia was due to the headright system to acquire land by transporting workers to the colony

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Puritanism was the set of religious principles and a view of how society should be organized

TRUE

What was the first settlement of the Puritans in North America?

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Before Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the ___________________ signed in 1620 committed the group to majority-rule government by male colonists and was the first written frame of the government in what is now the United States

Mayflower Compact