Physiology 1 - Text + Merieb

Part 3 of Chapter 1 of the Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by Merieb + The Pioneer's LEAPMed Review

Every living organism must be able to _______ so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”

maintain its boundaries

Every cell of the human body is surrounded by an external membrane that separates its contents from the outside _______ (fluid between cells) and allows entry of needed substances while generally preventing entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.

interstitial fluid

The body as a whole is also enclosed by the _______, or _______.

integumentary system or skin

The _______ protects internal organs from drying out (which would be fatal), from pathogens, and from the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical substances in the external environment.

integumentary system

What Necessary Life Function includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another (by walking, swimming, and so forth) and manipulating the external environment with our fingers.

Movement

The _______ provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work.

skeletal system

What Necessary Life Function occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, air, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems, respectively.

What Necessary Life Function is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.

Responsiveness/irritability

What Necessary Life Function is being described in this example:

If you accidentally touch a hot pan, you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus (the pan). You do not need to think about it—it just happens!

Responsiveness/irritability

What Necessary Life Function is being described in this example:

When the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises to a dangerously high level, your breathing rate speeds up to blow off the excess carbon dioxide.

Responsiveness/irritability

Because nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the _______ bears the major responsibility for responsiveness.

nervous system

All body cells are _______ to some extent.

responsive

What Necessary Life Function is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood?

Digestion

The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the _______, where body cells use these simple molecules for energy and raw materials.

cardiovascular system

What Necessary Life Function is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells?

Metabolism

What Necessary Life Function includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities?

Metabolism

What Necessary Life Function includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks?

Digestion

What are the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities?

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

What Necessary Life Function depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood?

Metabolism

What Necessary Life Function is regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system?

Metabolism

What Necessary Life Function depends on the cardiovascular system to distribute needed substances throughout the body?

etabolism

What Necessary Life Function is the process of removing excreta (ek skre’tah), or wastes, from the body?

Excretion

What Necessary Life Function is being described in this example:

The digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces.

Excretion

What Necessary Life Function is being described in this example:

The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine

Excretion

What Necessary Life Function is being described in this example:

The skin disposes of various waste products as components of sweat.

Excretion

What Necessary Life Function refers to the production of offspring, which can occur on the cellular or organismal level?

Reproduction

In the Necessary Life Function of Reproduction, under what level of reproduction occurs when the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair?

Cellular level

In the Necessary Life Function of Reproduction, under what level of reproduction occurs the reproduction of the human organism, which is the task of the organs of the reproductive system, which is to produce sperm and eggs?

Organismal level

In the Necessary Life Function of Reproduction, under what level of reproduction occurs when a sperm unites with an egg, a fertilized egg forms, which then develops into a baby within the mother’s body?

Organismal level

The function of the (A) is regulated very precisely by hormones of the (B).

a) reproductive system b) endocrine system

What Necessary Life Function refers to an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.

Growth

For this Necessary Life Function to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones.

Growth

Hormones released by the _______ play a major role in directing growth.

endocrine system

The goal of nearly all body systems is to _______.

maintain life

life is extraordinarily fragile and requires that _______ be available.

several factors

What are the factors in maintaining life called?

survival needs

Give me five examples of Survival Needs.

Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.

What Survival Need does the body take in through food that contains the chemicals used for energy and cell building?

Nutrients

What Nutrients are the major energy-providing fuel for body cells?

Carbohydrates

What Nutrients are used for energy-providing fuel for body cells to a lesser extent?

Proteins

What Nutrients are essential for building cell structures?

Fats

What Nutrients cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel?

Fats

What Nutrients are required for the chem ical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood.

Minerals and vitamins

All the nutrients in the world are useless if this Survival Need is unavailable.

Oxygen

Because the chemical reactions that release energy from foods require this Survival Need, human cells can survive for only a few minutes with out it. What Survival Need is being referred to here?

Oxygen

What Survival Need is made available to the blood and body cells by the cooperative efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

Oxygen

What Survival Need accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight, depending on the age of the individual?

Water

What Survival Need is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions?

Water

We obtain this Survival Need chiefly from ingested foods or liquids, and we lose it by evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions. What Survival Need is being referred to here?

Water

If chemical reactions are to continue at life sustaining levels, this Survival Need must be maintained. What Survival Need is being referred to here?

Normal body temperature

If body temperature drops below _____, metabolic reactions become slower and slower and finally stop.

37 C or 98.6 F

If body temperature is _______, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly, and body proteins begin to break down.

too high

At either extreme in body temperature, _______, death occurs.

too low and too high

Most body heat is generated by the activity of the skeletal muscles and dissipated via (A) or by the (B).

a) blood circulating close to the skin surface b) evaporation of sweat

What Survival Need refers to the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air?

Atmospheric pressure

Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on an appropriate level of this Survival Need. What Survival Need is being referred to here?

Atmospheric pressure

At high altitudes, where the air is thin and atmospheric pressure is (A), gas exchange may be (B) to support cellular metabolism.

a) lower b) too slow

The mere presence of survival factors is not sufficient to maintain life. They must be present in _______ as well; excesses and deficits may be equally harmful.

appropriate amounts

The food ingested must be of high quality and in _______; otherwise, nutritional disease, obesity, or starvation is likely

proper amounts

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain relatively _______ even though the outside world is continuously changing.

stable internal conditions

Homeostasis is a _______ or a balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always have relatively narrow limits.

dynamic state of equilibrium

What ability of the body is demonstrated when its needs are being adequately met and it is functioning smoothly?

Homeostasis

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the _______ and _______, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or blood-borne hormones, respectively, as information carriers.

nervous and endocrine systems

It is important that most diseases can be regarded as being the result of its disturbance, called _______.

Homeostatic Imbalance

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What component of homeostatic control refers to a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment?

Receptor

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

The Receptor responds to changes in the environment, called _______, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center

stimuli

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

Information flows from the receptor to the control center along the _______.

afferent pathway

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What component of homeostatic control analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

The Control Center determines the level or _______ at which a variable is to be maintained.

set point

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What component of homeostatic control provides the means for the control center’s response (out- put) to the stimulus?

Effector

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

Information flows from the control center to the effector along the _______.

efferent pathway

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

The results of the response from the Control Center are then turned to _______ by the Effector to influence the stimulus (the original change).

feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

The Effector gives feedback from the results of the response from the Control Center. What are the two types of feedback?

Negative and positive

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What type of feedback given by the Effector reduces the amount of change so that the whole control mechanism is shut off?

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are _______.

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Regulating heart rate

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Regulating blood pressure

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Regulating breathing rate

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Regulating the release of hormones

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Regulating blood levels of glucose (blood sugar), oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals

Negative feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What type of feedback given by the Effector is a rare mechanism in the body because it pushes the variable farther away from its original value or set point?

Positive feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

What type of feedback given by the Effector increases the amount of change so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate?

Positive feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Blood clotting

Positive feedback

3 Homeostasis: 3.1 Components of Homeostatic Control

This is an example of what type of feedback?

Giving birth

Positive feedback