Unipolar Disorders

What is the key feature of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Severe recurrent temper outbursts

DMDD should not be applied to children with the developmental age of less than __.

6 years

Diagnosis should also not be made for the first time after the age of __.

18 years

How many times per week must severe recurrent temper outbursts occur to meet the diagnostic criteria for DMDD?

3 or more

What is the mood between temper outbursts in DMDD and how often?

Irritable or angry mood that persists nearly everyday

Symptoms of DMDD must be present in how many settings?

2 at least but must be severe in 1 setting

How can we differentiate DMDD from ODD?

DMDD: verbal + physical and more than 1 setting; ODD: typically verbal and target authories

How can we differentiate DMDD from bipolar?

DMDD: persistent temper outbursts; Bipolar: episodic with episodes of mood perturbation + elevated/expansive move

How can we differentiate DMDD from intermittent explosive disorder?

DMDD: persistent irritable mood; IED: no required persistence of irritability + requires only 3 months of symptoms

What do you call the mental state of low mood and aversion to activity?

Depression

Which theory of depression suggests that depression is anger turned inward?

Psychodynamic

Which theory explains depression as arising from more negative experiences and fewer positive ones?

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression

Which theory suggests that depression emerges from negative thinking turned into dysfunctional beliefs?

Beck's Cognitve Theory

Which theory explains depression as arising from dwelling too much on their feelings and reasons as to why they are feeling as such?

Rumination Theory (Nolen-Hoeksema)

How does internal-external attributional style work?

Either the person views the cause as lying within oneself or the outside forces.

How does stable-unstable attributional style work?

Either the person views the cause as unchanging or temporary

How does global-specific attributional style work?

Either the person views the cause as applicable to all areas of life or limited to only one situation

What do you call the tendency to overgeneralize/draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event?

Cognitive bias

What is the difference between negative schema, self-blame schema, and negative self-evaluation schema?

Negative schema: pervasive pessimistic framework shaping how experiences are interpreted. Self-blame schema: tendency to attribute problems/failures to oneself, even without evidence.

What do you call the bias where people think most other share their own beliefs and behaviors, even when that's not true?

False consensus effect

What negative thinking style involves seeing only extremes, with no middle ground?

Dichotomous thinking

What is another term for dichotomous thinking?

Absolutist thinking

After being rejected from one job, a person concludes, “No company will ever hire me.” What distortion is this?

Overgeneralization

What negative thinking style involves making broad generalizations from one negative event?

Overgeneralization

A student earns a B+ on an exam and says, “If I’m not getting an A, I’m a complete failure.” What distortion is this?

Dichotomous thinking

What negative thinking style involves relating external events to oneself without evidence?

Personalization

A teacher notices her students are unusually quiet and thinks, “They must be upset with me.” What distortion is this?

Personalization

What is another term for personalization?

Egocentric thinking

What negative thinking style involves focusing on one negative detail while ignoring the broader context?

Selective abstraction

A student receives mostly positive feedback on a project but focuses only on one minor criticism, thinking, “The whole project was terrible.” What distortion is this?

Selective abstraction

What negative thinking style involves drawing a negative conclusion even without evidence?

Arbitrary inference

A student sees two classmates whispering and concludes, “They must be talking badly about me.” What distortion is this?

Arbitrary inference

What negative thinking style involves defining one’s identity based on imperfections or mistakes?

Labeling and mislabeling

After forgetting to send one email, a professional thinks, “I’m completely incompetent.” What distortion is this?

Labeling and mislabeling

What negative thinking style involves downplaying positives and making them seem less important?

Minimization

What negative thinking style involves exaggerating negatives and making them seem bigger than they are?

Magnification

A student wins first place in a competition but says, “It wasn’t a big deal, anyone could have done it.” What distortion is this?

Minimization

A professional makes one typo in a report and thinks, “This mistake will ruin my career.” What distortion is this?

Magnification

What is stress-appraisal/cognitive appraisal theory?

It suggests that stress is a two-way process that involves the stressors and the individual's interpretation + response.

How does primary and secondary appraisal work?

Primary appraisal: person evaluates the meaning of the situation, whether it's a threat or not; Secondary appraisal: person assesses coping resources and options

What is the Monoamine Theory of Depression?

Depression arises from low levels or disrupted transmission of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine).

What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?

Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

What is the difference between suicide, ideation, plan, and attempt?

Suicide: process of killing oneself; Suicide ideation: thoughts of killing oneself Suicide plan: formulation of a method to kill oneself; Suicide attempts: persons survives after trying to kill oneself

Who pioneered the types of suicide?

Emile Durkheim

Which type of suicide results from low social integration or from feeling isolated?

Egoistic

Which type of suicide results from excessive social integration, sacrificing oneself for the good of all?

Altruistic

Which type of suicide results from low social regulation or, in other words, instability?

Anomic

Which type of suicide results from excessive regulation such as experience oppressive circumstances?

Fatalistic

A retired person with no close family or community ties feels life has lost meaning and takes their own life. Which type of suicide is this?

Egoistic

A soldier throws himself on a grenade to save comrades, believing his death serves a higher duty. Which type of suicide is this?

Altruistic

A wealthy investor loses everything in a sudden market crash, feels disoriented by the collapse of his social status, and ends his life. Which type of suicide is this?

Anomic

A prisoner serving a life sentence with no hope of release takes their own life due to extreme constraint. Which type of suicide is this?

Fatalistic

What does the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior suggest?

Desire for suicide arises from burdensomeness + lack of belonging, but attempts happen only when capability is present.

Who pioneered the Intepersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior?

Thomas Joiner

How do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) work?

MAO: enzyme that clears mood chemicals; MAOI: blocks MAO → more serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine; Result: lifted mood, less depression.

What type of food should a person avoid if they are taking MAOI, as it can cause dangerous BP spikes when combined?

Food high in tyramine

What drug is referred to as a 'mood-stabilizing drug' that is found in drinking water?

Lithium carbonate

Which biological treatment is considered controversial because it administers electric shocks to induce seizures and convulsions, aiming to relieve psychiatric conditions like depression?

Electroconvulsive therapy

Which non‑invasive treatment uses magnetic pulses to stimulate brain regions involved in mood regulation?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

What is the key feature of MDD?

Persistent depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure nearly most of the day everday for at least 2 weeks

For how long does MDD last if untreated?

6 to 9 months

What is the difference between relapse and recurrence?

Relapse: return of symptoms within a short time period; Recurrence: onset of a new episode

Likelihood of onset increase markedly with __.

Puberty

What is considered that most common mood disorder and second most prevalent type following anxiety?

Major depressive disorder

How many symptoms must a person experience to meet the diagnostic criteria of MDD?

At least 5

Which specifier for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is used if symptoms persist for 2 years without remission?

Chronic

What is the difference between MDD with chronic specifier and PDD?

A Major Depressive Episode (MDE) that lasts ≥2 years without remission.

What does a person with MDD with anxious distress look like?

Has depressive mood alongside features of anxiety like restlessness and unusual worry/fear.

How is MDD with melancholic features different from MDD alone?

Melancholic specifier: should have at least 3 additional symptoms + MDD symptoms

What are the additional symptoms in MDD with melancholic features?

Early morning awakening, depression worse in the morning, marked psychomotor agitation/retardation, appetite/weight loss, excessive guilt, and quantitavely different depressed mood.

How is MDD with psychotic features different from bipolar disorder?

MDD with psychotic features: psychosis only occurs during depression; Bipolar: psychosis occurs in both manic and depressive state

What does a person with MDD with atypical features look like?

Has depressive symptoms but can feel better when good things happen + 2 of 4 additional symptoms

What are the additional symptoms in MDD with atypical features?

Increased appetite or weight gain, hypersomnia (sleeping too much), heavy, leaden feeling in arms/legs (“leaden paralysis”), strong sensitivity to rejection

What is the difference between mood‑congruent and mood‑incongruent psychotic features in MDD?

Mood-congruent: psychosis align with depressive themes; Mood-incongruent: psychosis do not align with depression

What does MDD with catatonic features look like?

Has depressive symptoms + catatonia signs like motor immobility, excessive bizarre movements, mutism, or echolalia

What is a motor symptom marked by rigid body posture that is maintained for long periods?

Catalepsy

Seasonal affective disorder is now classified as __.

MDD with seasonal pattern specifier

What does a person with MDD with seasonal pattern specifier look like?

Has major depressive episodes that recur most often during fall/winter, then remit in spring/summer

Aside from depressive episodes recurring in certain seasons, what is another requirement to diagnose MDD with seasonal pattern specifier?

The episodes must show a seasonal recurrence for at least 2 consecutive years, with no non‑seasonal episodes during that period.

What is the key feature of MDD with peripartum onset?

Onset during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum

What is the difference between mixed features and bipolar?

Mixed feaures: subthreshold symptoms are experienced alongside depression; Bipolar:

Who has a higher risk for suicide attempts?

Females

Who has a high risk for suicide completion?

Males

How can we differentiate MDD from bipolar?

MDD: no manic/hypomanic symptoms; Bipolar: with the presence of mania/hypomania

How can we differentiate MDD from PDD?

MDD: requires 1 MDE lasting for 2 weeks; PDD: less severe depressive symptoms for 2 years or more

How can we differentiate MDD from grief/bereavement?

MDD: includes feelings of worthlessness, guilt, suicidality; Grief: no such feelings present

What is the key feature of PDD?

Persistent yet less severe depressed mood lasting for two years or more

Begins during _ and over 50% of those who present treatment have an onset before the age of _.

Adolescence; 21 years

How many symptoms must a person experience to meet the diagnostic criteria of PDD?

At least 2

A person with PDD is never symptom free for more than how many months?

2 months

What is the minimum duration of PDD among children and adolescents?

1 year or more

What is the minimum duration of PDD among adults?

2 years or more

If onset of PDD is before 21 years, then it is considered __.

Early onset

If onset of PDD is 21 years or older, then it is considered __.

Late onset

What is the difference between chronic MDD and PDD with persistent MDE?

Chronic MDD: starts with MDD and persists for more than 2 years; PDD with persistent MDE: starts with PDD and then continuous MDE for more than 2 years

A person has a baseline of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) and is currently experiencing a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Which specifier applies?

PDD with intermittent MDE, with current episode

A person has a baseline of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) and a history of Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs), but is not currently in an episode. Which specifier applies?

PDD with intermittent MDE, without current episode

A person is experiencing only low‑grade depressive symptoms consistent with Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), without any superimposed Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs). Which specifier applies?

PDD with pure dysthymic syndrome

A person has experienced Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs) continuously without remission for the past 2 years. Which diagnosis should be made?

Chronic MDD

A person has a baseline of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) and then develops Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs) that persist continuously for 2 years. Which diagnosis applies?

PDD with persistent MDEs