Chapter 1 - Organization of the Body

Anatomy

the structure of a part of the body and its relationship

Physiology

the function of a part, individually and as a part of a system

Anterior / Posterior

Ventral (Front) / Dorsal (Back)

Superior / Inferior

above / below

medial / lateral

middle / sides

anatomical position

erect, face, palms, and toes facing forwards, arms at sides

proximal / distal

close / far

superficial / deep

surface / interior

central / peripheral

front view / side view

ipsilateral / contralateral

same side / opposite sides

axel portion

head, neck, spinal column, ribs

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

Sagittal (Median)

divides into left and right

midsagittal

through the midline

parasagittal

not through the midline

frontal (coronal)

divides into anterior and posterior portions

transverse (Horizontal)

divides into inferior and superior portions

longitudinal

cut lengthwise

cross section

cut straight across

Integumentary

skin and accessory organs; protects tissue, prevents infections and water loss, regulates body temperature, contains sense organs, synthesizes chemicals

Skeletal

• bones, cartilage, and ligaments

• support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells

Muscular

• skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

• movement, posture, heat production; movements in internal organs and pumping blood through the body

Nervous

• brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

• communication, control, responses

Endocrine

• hormone producing glands such as the pituitary glands, adrenal glands, thyroid glands, etc…

• communication, control, responses

Cardiovascular

• heart and blood vessels

• transport

lymphatic

• protects from disease

respiratory

• lungs and air passages

• oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges

digestive

• mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs

• receive and breakdown food into nutrients cells can use

urinary

• kidney, urinary bladder

• removes nitrogenous waste, regulates fluid levels and chemical content of the blood

female reproductive

• ovaries, ducts, uterus

• produces ova and female sex hormones, provides site for young development

male reproductive

• testes, ducts, glands

• produces sperm and male sex hormones