EVERY ACT/LAW/REPORT

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When was The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population published?

By who?

1842

Edwin Chadwick

What 3 conclusions did The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population make?

• Taxes should be spent on improving the houses and living conditions of the poor.

• Spending money to keep the poor healthy would stop them getting too ill to work and needing to be supported in a workhouse.

• The poor should be provided with clean water, and have rubbish and sewage removed.

What did The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population lead to?

The 1848 Public Health Act

What three changes were made by the 1848 Public Health Act?

• Set up a General Board of Health

• Allowed towns to set up their own local Board of Health, appoint a medical officer, organise the removal of rubbish, and build a sewer system

• Appointed 3 commissioners for the Board of Health

Name one of the three Board of Health Commissioners laid out by the 1848 Public Health Act

Edwin Chadwick

Give 4 reasons that the impact of the 1848 Public Health Act was limited

• The Board of Health was temporary and only in place for 5 years, ending in 1854.

• The act allowed local authorities to improve hygiene, but did not force them to, therefore some local authorities took no action.

• Chadwick was disliked for being arrogant and aggressive, so found it hard to get his ideas accepted, as there was no actual proof that disease was linked to hygiene.

• Many people did not want to pay higher taxes to help the poor

When did the Great Stink take place?

1858

This was not the first time that the Thames had smelled. Why was the summer of 1858 especially notable?

• It was a very hot summer so the Thames smelled far worse than usual

• It smelled so bad in the Houses of Parliament that MPs were forced to make a change.

What change did the Great Stink of 1858 lead to?

£3 million was given to the London Metropolitan Board of Works to design a new sewer system

Who was the chief engineer of the new sewer system in 1858?

Joseph Bazalgette

What were the two new concepts of Bazalgette’s sewer system?

• The sewers should be large, brick oval shapes. The sewage was less likely to get stuck in oval tunnels.

• Waste was brought down to the lower stretches of the Thames, where the river was tidal and would was the sewage out to sea.

What was the combined distance of the sewers?

2,000 km

How many pumping stations were built between 1864 and 1875?

4

How many treatment works were built?

2

What year was the project finished?

1875 (17 years later)

How much money had been spent on sewers by 1875?

£6.5 million

What did the combined work of Chadwick and Snow highlight?

What did this lead to?

The importance of access to clean water and removal of sewage

The 1866 Sanitary Act

What did the 1866 Sanitary Act say?

All towns had to employ inspectors to check on water supplies and drainage.

Which two local governments took action to improve public health?

Manchester and Birmingham

What measures the did Manchester local council put in place to improve public health?

Regulations on room size and window size in new housing to ensure there was sufficient light and ventilation.

What measures the did Birmingham local council put in place to improve public health?

• Water supplies were improved

• Slums were demolished

Which act put more pressure on the government for change? State the name and year.

The Representation of the People Act, 1867

What did the The Representation of the People Act in 1867 state?

It doubled the number of people who could vote. This included many ordinary working men.

What greater impact did the 1867 Representation of the People Act have?

• More pressure on the government to improve Public Health, as more working class men were voting

• More pressure for government interference, instead of a ‘laissez-faire’ approach

The 1867 Representation of the People Act forced political parties to take into consideration the needs of working people in order to be elected. Which act stemmed from this need for working class votes?

The 1875 Public Health Act

In basic terms, what did the 1875 Public Health Act do?

Made public health the responsibility of local authorities

Name at least 3 things the 1875 Public Health Act made the responsibility of local authorities. (8 possible points)

• The supply of clean water

• Dealing with sewage so it did not pollute water for drinking and washing

• Building public toilets

• Ensuring new housing was built to an adequate standard, including avoiding damp and overcrowding

• Inspecting conditions in lodging houses

• Creating street lighting to avoid accidents

• Checking the quality of food on sale

• Employing Health Inspectors and Sanitary Inspectors to ensure regulations were obeyed

Give the name of four other acts passed by parliament to improve public health shortly after the 1875 Public Health Act. State the year.

1875 - Artisan’s Dwellings Act

1875 - Food and Drugs Act

1876 - River Pollution Act

1889 - Infectious Disease (Notification) Act

What did the 1875 Artisan’s Dwellings Act do?

It gave local authorities the power to buy and demolish slum housing.

What did the 1875 Food and Drugs Act do? Give at least 3 specific examples of practices that were banned. (4 possible)

It tried to improve the standard of food being sold.

• Butchers painting meat read to make it look fresher

• Shopkeepers mixing sand with flour to make it weigh more

• Adding poisonous lead or strychnine to food to make it weigh more or look fresher

• Drying used tea leaves, dying them and then reselling them

What did the 1876 River Pollution Prevention Act do?

Made it illegal for factories to put their waste and chemicals into rivers

What did the 1889 Infectious Disease (Notification) Act do? When, and to who, was this extended?

Ordered householders or doctors in London to report any cases of an infectious disease to the local Medical Health Officer.

It was extended to the rest of the country in 1899.

Which three groups of people were targeted by Liberal reforms in the early 1900s?

• Children

• Elderly People

• Working People

List the 4 Liberal reforms for children & state the year.

1906 - Free school meals

1907 - School medical inspections

1908 - Children and Young Persons Act

1912 - School clinics

Name the Liberal reform for elderly people

Old Age Pensions Act, 1908

List the 3 Liberal reforms for working or unemployed people

1909 - Labour exchanges

1911 - National Insurance Act Part 1

1911 - National Insurance Act Part 2

How many free school meals were provided in 1906?

How many were provided in 1914?

1906 - 3 million

1914 - 14 million

Name two conditions children were checked for in the 1907 compulsory school medical inspections.

• Ringworm

• Lice

What was the drawback of the 1907 school medical clinics?

Which year did this change?

Treatment was not free

1912 - Free school medical clinics

Name three things the 1908 Children and Young Persons Act did?

• Made it illegal to sell tobacco or alcohol to children

• Made it illegal to send a child out begging, or to neglect them

• Children who committed crimes were sent to separate prisons called borstals.

What age did the 1908 Old Age Pensions apply to?

How little did the have to earn to receive an OAP?

How much did they receive a week?

How much did a couple receive?

70 years old

<£31.50 / year

5 shillings / week

Couples: 7 shillings 6 pence / week

How many people were receiving an OAP by 1914?

1 million

What were the 1909 Labour exchanges?

Places that unemployed men could go to look for work

Give one drawback of Labour Exchanges

The jobs offered were often short term.

What type of insurance was Part 1 of the National Insurance Act?

Health insurance

Who was eligible for Health Insurance?

What did they have to do to receive it?

Who else contributed to the insurance?

Workers in manual trades earning less then £160 per year

They had to pay 4d per week into a scheme

Employers and the government

Which three things did the health insurance provide?

• Reduced pay for workers who were off sick

• Treatment from a doctor linked to the health insurance scheme

• A maternity grant to pay for baby essentials

How much did any worker with health insurance receive if they were ill? For how long? What about after this time?

First 13 weeks: 10 shillings/week

Additional 13 weeks: 5 shillings/week

What type of insurance did the National Insurance Act Part 2 in 1911 provide?

Unemployment insurance

Who was eligible for unemployment insurance

Workers in certain trades earning <£160 / year

How much did unemployment insurance cost?

2d / week

How much could workers claim if they became unemployed?

For how long?

7 shillings / week

Up to 15 weeks

Which report was published during WW2 that outlined ideas for the future?

By who?

In which year?

The Beveridge Report

William Beveridge

1942

What were the five ‘giant evils’ identified by Beveridge?

• Want

• Disease

• Ignorance

• Squalor

• Idleness

What did Beveridge mean by ‘want’?

The problems of poverty and not having enough food

What did Beveridge mean by ‘disease’?

**Free flashcard yipeeeeeee**

What did Beveridge mean by ‘ignorance’?

• Lack of education

• Meant that people could not get better jobs, or better understand society

What did Beveridge mean by ‘squalor’?

Living in dirty or unhygienic conditions

What did Beveridge mean by ‘idleness’?

Unemployment

Meant people were more likely to turn to alcoholism or crime

What was Beveridge’s overall conclusion?

• The state had a duty to try and protect the people

• People also had a responsibility to try and improve things for themselves.

The Beveridge report was very popular. A public opinion found that _ percent of the population had heard of it.

95%

What year was the NHS launched?

1948