Pathophysiology Exam 2

What is the primary purpose of adaptive immunity

Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation and long term protection future against exposure

What are the key characteristics of adaptive immunity

Specific long lived and has memory

What are the main elements of adaptive immunity

Antigens and lymphocytes (t&bcells)

What are the 2 main components of adaptive immunity

Humoral immunity (immunoglobins/antibodies) and cell mediated immunity (Tcells)

What do immunoglobins do

Bind to antigens

What do T cells do

Kill target directly (no antibodies) stimulate other leukocytes and B cells

What does immunoglobin and tcells create

Memory cells

What is active immunity

Immunity developed through exposure toon antigen or though immunization

What is passive immunity

Immunity that involves the administrationof antibodies or T cells though infusion, suchas maternal antibodies to transferred a fetus

List antigens and immonogens

Antigens a certain viruses parasites transplant organs

What do antigens bind to

Antibodies or receptors on T and b cells

What are the different types of antibodies and how are they characterized

IgB IgA IgM IgE IgD by difference in structure and function

Describe IgG antibodies

Most common antibody that accounts for most of the protective activity against infections and transported across the placenta

What is the function of IgA

Found primarily in body secretions and protects against enzyme degradation and is anchored by J chain and secretory piece

What is unique about IgM

It is the largest immunoglobulin and the first antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen and is made early in neonatal life and is also stabilized by J chain

What does IgE play in

Least concentrated and mediated allergic responses and provides protection from large parasites imitated inflammatory reaction and is bound to mast cells common cause of allergies

What is the function of IgD

Low concentration in the blood and acts as a type of B cell antigen receptor

What is the direct function of antibodies

Inflammation phagocytosis and complement activation

What is clonal diversity

The production of all necessary receptor specificities in primary lymphoid organs resulting in immunocompetent T and B cells occurs in the fetus

Where does T cells comes from

Thymus

Where do B cells come from

Bone marrow

Describe B cell development

Production in bone marrow that travel to lymphoid tissue and reside there as immunocompetent cells make Ig

Describe T cells development

Leave the thymus and move to and reside in secondary lymph tissues as mature immunocompetent cells when they are exposed to an antigen they divide and sensitize antigen

What happens during the primary immune response

Initial exposure leads to a latent period where B cell differentiation occurs followed by the detection of IgM antibodies followed by IgG

How many days in the latent period

5 to 7 days

What distinguishes the secondary immune response

Any time after the first exposure it is more rapid and produces larger amounts of antignody due to memory cells and not required to further differentiate, large amount of IgG

What is the role of T helper lymphocytes

They help in the maturation of b and T cells and facilitate interactions between antigen presenting cells APCs and lymphocytes

What are the subsets if T helper lymphocytes

Th1 cells provide help in developing cell mediated immunity Th2 cells provide help in developing humoral immunity differences based on cytokine production

Describe B cell activation

Life in our plasma and help with secondary response when exposed to antigen

Describe the T cytotoxic cells

Destroy cancer cells kills virus infected cells destroys them by punching holes in infected cell membrane and reject removing cells like transplant cells and cancer cells

What are natural killer cells

Cells that act against tumor and virus infected cells destroying their plasma membranes

How long does the aging affect immune function

Decreased T cell activity reduced thymus hormone production and a smaller thymus maturation of T cells decreases and latent period is longer

What is the percent of the thymus compared to its maximum size in old age

15% of maximum size

What is the significance of memory cells in adaptive immunity

They allow for a more rapid and robust response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen

Which of the following are characteristics of adaptive immunity (immediate response specificity memory nonspecific inflammation long lived protection)

Specific memory long lived

Fill in the blanks humoral immunity involves ______ cells and the production of ______

B cells and antibodies

What triggers the secondary immune response in the context of vaccinations

Prior exposure to the same antigen as seen with flu vaccine

Active or passive flu vaccine

Active

Active or passive IVIG infusion

Passive

Active or passive maternal antibodies

Passive

Which immune cells are most likely responsible for destroying infected cells (b cells tcytotoxic cells mast cells eosinophils)

Tcytotoxic cells

Which of the following changes occur in the aging immunity system (decreased T cell activity reduced thymic hormone production increased antibody production smaller thymus size)

Decreased T cells activity reduced thymic hormone production and smaller thymus size

what is the #1 cause of death worldwide

infectious diseases

what factors contribute to the emergence of new diseases

dense populations poor sanitation and mutaant of microogranisms that are resistant

what is the mutual relationship between humans and microoganisms

both humans and microoganisms benefit

what is opportunistic microoganisms

immune system deficiences lead to susceptibility infections

what is communicability in teh context of infection

the ability and ease to spread from one individual to others and cause disease

which diseases has a high communicability

measles spreads easily

what does immunogenicity refer to

the ability of pathogens o induce an immune response in the host

define infectivity

teh ability of a pathogen to invade and muliply in the host

what does infectivity involve

attachement to cell surface release of enzymes escape phagocytes spread thorugh lymph and blood tissue

what is pathogenicity

the ability of an agent to produce disease

what does the success of pathogenicity depend on

communicability infectivity extent of tissue damage and virulence

what does toxigenicity mean

the ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins

what is virulence

the capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease

what is an example of high virulence

rabies

what is a mechanism of action

how the microoganism infects the host

what are teh common portals of entry for microorganisms

direct contact inhalation ingestion and bites from animals or insects

sometimes teh route of entry is also how we _______

spread it

list the classes of infectious microorganisms

virus bacteria fungi protozoa chlamydia rickettsia mycoplasma helminths

describe bacteria

produces surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis and create toxins

describe viruses

mutate within cells where they are not available to immune mechanisms

what are endotoxins

toxins that are part of the cell wall and released when bacteria are killed

what are exotoxins

a toxin made and released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

what can our body do to combat toxins

we can produce antitoxins

what is bacteremia

the presence of bacteria in the blood not doing anything

what is septicemia

found bacteria in blood that is actively reproducing and spreading

what is septicemia and bacteremia typically caused by

gram negative bacteria

what is a characteristic of viral infections

they are dependent on host cells, no metabolism, simplie organism, spreads cells to cell self limiting

what are teh phases of viral replications

binding penetration uncoating replication assembly and release NEED HOST CELL and HIDES

what are the cellular effects of virsuses

inhibits DNA RNA protein synthesis transofrms cell into cancer cell promotes secondary opportunistic infections releases enzymes that hurts the cell fuse cells to make huge cell alter immune system ot attack healthy cells

what is the main characteristic of fungal infections

they large and have thick rigid cell walls without peptidoglycans (resistant) simple replication

what is the pathogenicity of fungal infections

adapt to host enviornment suppress the immune defenses usually controlled by phagocytes t lymphocytes

how does fungus adapt to host environmet

wide temperature variations digest keratin low oxygen

what are mycoses

diseases caused by fungi

what are the 3 basic types of fungal infections

superficial deep or opportunistic

what are dermatophytes

gungi that invade the skin hair or nails

what is the disease produced by dermatophytes called

tineas (ringworm)

what is the role of phagocytes infungal infections

they control fungal infections by suppressing immune defenses

what are helminths

they are large parasitic worms like tape worms

what are examples of protazoa

malaria amoebae flagellates

how are parasites spread

via vectors usually ingested

what is a secondary complication of parasitic infection

tissue damage from toxins or inflammation responses

what is a common clinical manifestation of infectious disease

fever

how does a fever work to help

resetting the hypothalamus by the use of exo/endogenous pyrogens

what are endogenous pyrogens

cytokines

what are countermeasures against infectious

antimicrobials which can be bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

what is the primary action of bacteriocidal

actually kills teh organisms

what is the primary actions of bacteriostatic

slow the growth and replication of organism

what do antimicrobials do

inhibit synthesis of cells wall

• damage cytoplasmis membrane

• alter metabolism of nuceic acid

• inhibit protein synthesis

  • modify energy metabolism

what causes antimicrobial resistance

genertic mutations inactiavtion multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria

what is a negative side effect of antibiotics

it can kill good bacteria which can allow for incfection of opportunistic organisms like C. Diff

what are teh types of vaccines mentions

attenuated organisms killed organisms recombianant viral proteins bacterial antigens toxins and mRNA

what is an attenuated organism

weakened organism

what is recombinant vaccine

a vaccine with multiple possible mutated strings of infection

what is an mRNA vaccine

contains a marker protein so teh body can recognize the marker and kill anything with that protein

what is a major benefit of vaccines

they induce long lasting protective immune responses without causing disease in healthy recipients

how to manage herd immunity

rules requirining vaccination

what is a primary immunodeficiency

a genetic anaomly leadint o failure of immune mechanisms of self-defense

what is a secondary immunodeficiency

an acquired deficiency caused by another illness moer common than primary deficiencies