anatomy practical 1

brachi-

arm

cauda-

tail

cervic-

neck

corpus

body

ped, pod

foot

pharyngo-, laryngo-

throat

nas-, rhin-

nose

-plasty

plastic surgery

pleur-

chest lining

pneum-, pulm-

lungs

thora-

chest

trache-

windpipe

salivary glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

What are the three parts of the salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Paritoid Salivary Gland

located below the ears

submaxillary (submandibular) salivary gland

located at the base of the jaw on the medial edge

sublingual salivary gland

located on either side, below the tongue

What does saliva contain?

water, mucin, salivary amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, lingual lipase, lysozyme

function of the salivary gland

the salivary glands secrete mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase

buccal cavity

empty space in the mouth

hard plate

roof of the mouth with underlying bone

soft plate

The softer tissue posterior to the hard plate

Pharynx

the open space behind the buccal cavity. it begins at the soft plate and ends at the juncture of the larynx and esophagus

T/F The pharynx is a joint passageway for both food/drink and air, and is thus part of both the digestive and respiratory system

true

larynx

part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea

function of the larynx

vocalization, contains vocal cords

thyroid cartilage of larynx

forms anterior wall of the larynx and functions of protect the vocal cords

epiglottis

curled inside the opening into the trachea, blocks the larynx during swallowing - PREVENTS FOOD AND DRINK FROM ENTERING THE LARYNX (and into the lungs)

trachea

transports air from the larynx to the bronchi (white)

esophagus

carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach (pink)

pleura

membrane lining the walls of the thoracic cavity

pleura function

cushion the lungs and provides lubrication to allow the lungs to move smoothly within the thoracic cavity

lungs

paired organs are dorsal to the heart

lungs functions

air distribution and gas exchange

heart

located caudally to the larynx and ventrally to the lungs

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

pericardium function

functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and to prevent the heart from over-expanding when blood volume increases

diaphragm

skeletal muscle separates the thoracic cavity

diaphragm function

increases the size of the thoracic cavity

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds the vital organs

peritoneum function

supports the vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves

liver function

major metabolic processing unit that maintains levels of nutrients in the blood, function is secretion of bile

gall bladder function

stores and secretes bile

stomach function

produces HCl and the enzyme pepsinogen to being the digestion of proteins

greater omentum

part of peritoneum, covers the stomach and looks lacey in appearance

greater omentum function

part of the immune system, leukocyte production occurs here, fat can be deposited here

spleen functions

- largest lymphatic organ in the body, part of immune system and produces lymphocytes

- removes old and damaged erythrocytes, recycling components for other uses in the body

pancreas

looks like chewing gum, found in duodenal loops of the small intestine

pancreas function

both endocrine functions, secretes hormones insulin and glucagon, and exocrine functions, secretes digestive enzymes like proenzymes

three parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

which is longer, the small intestine or large intestine

the small intestine

small intestine functions

digestion of foodstuffs and absorption of the digestive products

duodenum

- first part of the small intestine, which receives chyme from the stomach, forms a duodenal loop

duodenum function

produces lots of bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme and receives bile from the gall bladder and the enzymes secreted by the pancreas

jejunum

middle part of the small intestine, usually the longest

jejunum function

digestion of proteins and carbohydrates is fairly complete, absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium, and iron occurs here

ileum

connects to the large intestine, enters the large intestine at a y-shaped juncture with the cecum and colon

ileum function

absorption of biles, salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12

ileocecal valve

regulates flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine

mesentery

folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine

hepatic portal system

network of blood vessels that collects blood from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

hepatic portal system function

delivers the blood, which will be high in absorbed nutrients after a meal, directly to the liver

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces, larger in diameter and thinner walled than the small intestine,

three sections of the large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum

cecum (blind sac and first part of large intestine)

microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose, and absorption of fermentation products and water occurs here

colon (middle part of large intestine)

longest part of the large intestine, microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose, and absorption of fermentation products and water occurs here

rectum

last part of the large intestine, responsible in formation of the characteristic shape of droppings found in many animals

what is the cecum, colon, and rectum all involved in?

fermentation

anus

external opening of digestive tract, fecal matter exits here

kidneys function

removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH

urinary bladder

stores urine in mammals

T/F Equine animals do not have a gall bladder

true

T/F In piglets, the small intestine is approx 2-4 meters long. In mature pigs, the small intestine is approx 16-21 meters long. Majority of growth is in the first two weeks of life

true

name three major parts of salivary glands. where is each located?

parotid: below ears

submaxillary: base of jaws

sublingual: below tongue

what are the four major components of saliva?

bicarbonate, mucin, water, salivary amylase

what are the two major body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

what major organs are located in the ventral and dorsal cavities?

ventral: heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, repro organs

dorsal: brain and spinal cord

what are the parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are the parts of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, rectum

arteri-

artery

cardi-

heart

-emia

blood

erythro-

red

hemo-

blood

leuko-

white

vaso-

vessel

Functions of the circulatory system

- carry nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and oxygen to tissues

- carry waste products from tissues for disposal like urea, NH3, and CO2

- lymphatic system

lymphatic system

return extracellular fluid to the veins, functions in disease control

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

Arteries have three layers made up of

connective tissue, elastin and collagen, and smooth muscle

elastin

protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues

- found in skin, lung, and artery tissues

collagen

main structural protein which provides strength to tissues and gives protection to more fragile structures like organs (kidneys and spleen)

- makes up 25-30% of body protein

How many layers of tissue do arteries have?

3

tunica intima

innermost layer, consists of a continuous layer of epithelial cells that line the lumen and a layer of supporting connective tissue

tunica media

middle layer, contains smooth muscle circularly arranged elastin. this is usually the thickest

Tunica Aventitia (Externa)

outer most layer, connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

what are the three types of arteries?

elastic, muscular, arterioles

elastic (large) arteries

large, thick walled arteries near the heart; have a high proportion of elastin. includes the aorta and its major branches

muscular (distributing) arteries

deliver blood to specific body organs. have a high proportion of smooth muscle

arterioles

the smallest arteries, with lesser proportions of smooth muscle and elastin