amsco period 4

Thomas Jefferson (4.2 - NAT, POL)

Author of the Declaration of Independence, Won Election of 1800, Democratic-Republican, Louisiana Purchase bought under Presidency (Foreign Policy)

Lousiana Purchase (4.2 - NAT, POL)

The selling of Lousiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn't believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S.

Aaron Burr (4.2 - NAT, POL)

One of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made this person Vice- President.

Lewis and Clark (4.2 - GEO)

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Strict Interpretation (4.2 - PCE)

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution

John Marshall (4.2 - PCE)

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Judicial Review (4.2 - PCE)

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison (4.2 - PCE)

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.

Fletcher v. Peck (4.2 - PCE)

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland (4.2 - PCE)

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government.

Dartmouth Collage v. Woodward (4.2 - PCE)

Involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth collage from a privately chartered collage into a public institution. The Marshall Court struck down this law as unconstitutional, saying that the contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state.

Gibbons v. Ogden (4.2 - PCE)

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Implied Powers (4.2 - PCE)

Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.

Era of Good Feelings (4.3 - NAT)

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

James Monroe (4.3 - NAT)

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Economic Nationalism (4.3 - NAT)

An emphasis on domestic control and protection of the economy.

Sectionalism (4.3 - NAT)

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

Tariff of 1816 (4.3 - WXT)

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Protective Tariff (4.3 - WXT)

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods.

Henry Clay (4.3 - WXT)

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states.

American System (4.3 - WXT)

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Second Bank of The United States (4.3 - WXT)

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Panic of 1819 (4.3 - WXT)

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.

Tallmage Amendment (4.3 - POL)

Proposed solution to the Missouri Compromise; forbid slavery in Missouri and said that all black children should be free after becoming 25 years old; isn't passed and offends the South.

Missouri Compromise (4.3 - POL)

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

War Hawks (4.4 - NAT, POL)

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Henry Clay (4.4 - NAT, POL)

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

John C. Calhon (4.4 - NAT, POL)

Vice-president and congressional leader from South Carolina, also serving as a secretary of war, creating a doctrine of nullification over the subject that individual state rights were allowed to deny federal policies that they thought were unconstitutional + was a warhawk

Quids (4.4 - POL)

Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government - thought TJ was abandoning principles of D-R’s

Hartford Convention (4.4 - POL)

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse. This took place between 1814 and 1815.

Tecumesh (4.4 - MIG, ARC)

Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle.

Prophet (4.4 - MIG, ARC)

a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God.

William Henry Harrison (4.4 - MIG, ARC)

(1841) An American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Battle of Tippecanoe (4.4 - MIG, ARC)

(1811) Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Nepoleon Bonaparte (4.4 - WOR)

This successful French general became emperor of France, triggering 10 years of war in Europe.

Barbary Pirates (4.4 - WOR)

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

Neutrality (4.4 - WOR)

A policy of supporting neither side in a war.

Impressment (4.4 - WOR)

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Cheasepeake-Leopard Affair (4.4 - WOR)

(1807) In Norfolk, Virginia, British HMS Leopard opened fire on American USS Chesapeake → impressment + battled against eachother after the attack and demand by the British on the Chesapeake to hand over deserters from the Royal Navy, in which the Americans refused. Colonists were furious b/c this happened so close

Embargo Act of 1807 (4.4 - WOR)

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

James Madison (4.4 - WOR)

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. Mainly known for his help and work over the Constitution.

Nonintercourse Act (4.4 - WOR)

In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (4.4 - WOR)

(1810) Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first + ban trade w/ that complying nation’s enemy. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

War of 1812 (4.4 - WOR)

(1812-1814) Fought between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, leading to the Treaty of Ghent in which both sides declared the conflict a draw.

Old Ironsides (4.4 - WOR)

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States used against the British Navy.

Battle of Lake Erie (4.4 - WOR)

(1812) U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry: broke Britain's control of this body of water.

Oliver Hazard Perry (4.4 - WOR)

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Battle of the Thames

A major American victory over British forces and Tecumseh's Confederacy during the War of 1812 - 2nd victory after battle of lake eerie, led by William Henry Harrison

Thomas Macdonough (4.4 - WOR)

In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)

Battle of Lake Champlain

(1814) A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stoped by Thomas Macdonough. The British began to decide that the war was to costly.

Andrew Jackson (4.4 - WOR)

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (4.4 - WOR)

Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Creek Nation (4.4 - WOR)

British ally who lived in the deep south until their defeat at the hands of Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans (4.4 - WOR)

(1815) A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Treaty of Ghent (4.4 - WOR)

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Steven Decatur (4.4 - WOR)

Commanded the USS Constitution. Naval War Hero against the barbary states. Became famous after the War of 1812.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (4.4 - WOR)

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

Treaty of 1818 (4.4 - WOR)

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Flordia Purchase Treaty (4.4 - WOR)

(1821) Treaty Spain gave East and West Florida to the United States, and the United States agreed to assume $5 mil in claims + give up their part of Spanish province of Texas. also referred to as the adams onis treaty.

Monroe Doctrine (4.4 - WOR)

(1823) Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Francis Scott Key (4.4 - SOC)

A Washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem.

Star Spangled Banner (4.4 - SOC)

National anthem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812.

Lancester Turnpike

Pennsylvania turnpike (a main, high-speed road or expressway that drivers must pay a fee, or toll, to use), built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities.

National (Cumberland) Road (4.5 - WXT)

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

John Deere (4.5 - WXT)

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Cyrus McCormick (4.5 - WXT)

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Erie Canal (4.5 - WXT)

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Robert Fulton (4.5 - WXT)

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815).

Railroads (4.5 - WXT)

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century.

Telegraph (4.5 - WXT)

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Eli Whitney (4.5 - WXT)

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).

Interchangable Parts (4.5 - WXT)

Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces. Cheaper production costs, more available, Britain took interest, known as American System.

Corporation (4.5 - WXT)

A business made of a number of owners but authorized by law to act as one person.

Samuel Slater (4.5 - WXT)

English-born industrialist who had memorized the system and technology used in British cotton mills, and applied them to help establish the first U.S. textile factory in 1791.

Factory System (4.5 - WXT)

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building.

Lowell System; textile Mill Unions (4.5 - WXT)

The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories.

Unions (4.5 - WXT)

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Cotton Gin (4.5 - WXT)

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

Market Revolution (4.5 - WXT)

(1820-1830) Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves.

Old Northwest (4.5 - WXT)

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Urban Life (4.6 - MIG)

The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850 as a result of the economic and opportunity changes taking place at the time.

New Cities (4.6 - MIG)

Key transportation and transfer points on major rivers that processed farm products for shipment to the East and distributed manufactured goods from the East to different parts of the region.

Industrial Revolution (4.6 - WXT)

(1760 - 1840) A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (4.6 - WXT)

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Ten-Hour Workday (4.6 - WXT)

During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers.

Common Man (4.7 - NAT, POL)

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government.

Universal White Male Suffrage (4.7 - NAT, POL)

Idea that as US democracy progressed, restrictions on white males were eased, allowing Jackson's popularity in the election of 1824 and finally his victory in the Election of 1828.

Party Nominating Convention (4.7 - NAT, POL)

In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall.

King Caucus (4.7 - NAT, POL)

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by groups of the two parties in Congress (a closed-door meeting of a political party’s leaders in Congress), but in 1824, this idea was overthrown. Andrew Jackson's term for selection process of candidates.

Popular Election of President (4.7 - NAT, POL)

In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors.

Anti-Masonic Party (4.7 - POL)

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Workingmen's Party (4.7 - POL)

The first Marxist-influenced political party in the United States. Was formed in 1876, when a congress of socialists from around the United States met in Philadelphia in an attempt to unify their political power. Seven societies sent representatives. Represented socialistic ideas.

Popular Campaigning (4.7 - POL)

(1830-1840) A shift in political campaign strategy in the early American republic, from deferring to campaigning for elite gentlemen-politicians to promoting candidates FOR the interests of the masses and championing them as "common men."

Spoils System (4.7 - POL)

Andrew Jackson practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Rotation in Office (4.7 - POL)

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government.

Indian Removal Act (4.8 - NAT, MIG)

(1830) A congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River, approved by President Andrew Jackson.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (4.8 - NAT, MIG)

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status."

Worcester v. Georgia (4.8 - NAT, MIG)

(1832) Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it.

Trail of Tears (4.8 - NAT, MIG)

(1831-1850) The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Great Plains (4.8 - NAT, MIG)

A vast prairie region extending from Alberta and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada south through the west central United States into Texas.