Lab 3.3-3.5

Vertebral column

the series of bones that extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the backbone

Cervical curvature

inward curve in the neck region

Thoracic curvature

outward curve in the upper and middle back

Lumbar curvature

inward curve in the lower back

Sacrococcygeal curvature

outward curve in the sacrum and coccyx region

Cervical

Neck region of the vertebral column

Thoracic

Back region of the vertebral column where ribs attach

Lumbar

Lower back region of the vertebral column

Sacrum

Base of the spine, formed by fused bones

Coccyx

Tailbone region of the vertebral column, formed by fused vertebrae

Cervical vertebra

Transverse processes

Paired lateral projections arising at the junction of the pedicle and laminae that allow vertebral arteries and vertebral veins to pass through

Atlas

first cervical vertebra (C1), which supports the skull and allows the head to nod

Axis

second cervical vertebra (C2), which has the dens that allows the head to rotate

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Ribs

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

Sternum

Appendicular skeleton

division of the skeleton that consists of bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs, totaling 126 bones in the adult skeleton

Pectoral girdle

connects the arms to the body and consists of two clavicles and two scapulae
(shoulder girdle)

Clavicle

S-shaped bone that connects the sternum anteriorly and the scapular posteriorly

Scapula

broad, flat, triangular bone that is freely movable and held in place by muscles and ligaments

Superior border

upper border of the scapula

Medial border

border closest to the vertebral column of the scapula

Lateral border

border closest to the armpit of the scapula

Superior angle

upper corner of the scapula

Inferior angle

lower corner of the scapula

Lateral angle

outer corner of the scapula, near the glenoid cavity

Subscapular fossa

depression on the anterior side of the scapula

Coracoid process

projects anteriorly on the scapula and provides muscle attachment

Neck

narrow region on the lateral side of the scapula

Glenoid cavity

shallow socket where the head of humerus articulates with the scapula

Supraspinatus fossa

depression above the scapular spine

Infraspinatus fossa

depression below the scapular spine

Scapular spine

prominent ridge on the posterior surface of the scapula

Acromion process

projects from the scapular spine, is visible from both anterior and posterior views, and connects to the clavicle

Humerus

single long bone of the upper arm

Dislocation

occurs when a bone is removed from its socket; a shoulder dislocation happens when the humeral head leaves the glenoid cavity in any direction

Greater tubercle

rounded projection on the proximal lateral side that forms the lateral side that forms the lateral contour of the shoulder

Lesser tubercle

projection on the anterior medial side

Intertubercular sulcus

groove sepaating the greater and lesser tubercles

Anatomical neck

marks the extent of the joint capsule

Surgical neck

located near the proximal metaphysis, where the shaft begins; prone to fractures

Deltoid tuberosity

large, rough elevation on the lateral surface where the deltoid muscle attaches

Capitulum

small, rounded lateral projection that articulates with the radius

Trochlea

medial, spindle-shaped projection that articulates with the ulna

Medial epicondyle

palpable projection on the medial side of the elbow that provides an attachment site for forearm, wrist, and hand muscles

Lateral epicondyle

palpable projection on the lateral side of the elbow that provides an attachment site for forearm, wrist, and hand muscles

Interosseous membrane

fibrous sheet that connects the radius and ulna

Ulna

the medial forearm bone in anatomical position

Olecranon process

prominent projection at the proximal posterior elbow that fits into the olecranon fossa when the arm is extended

Trochlear notch

articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Radial notch

articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

joint between the proximal radius and ulna that allows the radius to rotate during forearm movement

Ulna head

located at the distal end; articulates with the radius to form the distal radioulnar joint

Distal radioulnar joint

joint between the distal radius and ulna that allows forearm rotation

Ulnar styloid process

provides muscle attachment

Radius

the lateral forearm bone in anatomical position

Radius head

disc-shaped structure at the proximal end, supported by the neck

Radial styloid process

located on the distal lateral side and helps stabilize the wrist joint

Carpal bones

eight small bones that form the wrist

Scaphoid

carpal bone located near the styloid process of the radius

Lunate

carpal bone in the proximal row, located between the scaphoid and triquetrum

Triquetrum

carpal bone in the proximal row, located between the lunate and pisiform

Pisiform

small carpal bone in the proximal row, located on the medial side

Metacarpal bones

five long bones that extend from the carpals and fan out to form the palm

Pollex

thumb

Metacarpal base

proximal end of the metacarpal, near the carpal bones

Metacarpal shaft

middle portion of the metacarpal

Metacarpal head

distal end of the metacarpal that articulates with the proximal phalanx and forms the knuckle

Phalanges

long, slender, lightweight bones of the fingers and thumb

Proximal phalanx

phalanx closest to the metacarpal

Middle phalanx

phalanx between the proximal and distal phalanges

Distal phalanx

phalanx at the tip of the finger

Pelvic girdle

Coxal bone

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Acetabulum

Iliac crest

Greater sciatic notch

Iliac fosa

ASIS

AIIS

Ischial tuberosity

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Superior pubic ramus

Inferior pubic ramus

Pubic arch

Pubic brim

Femur

Acetabulum

Fovea capitis

Head